1.3 Formatting and Data Analysis
Learning Objectives
- Use formatting techniques as introduced in the Excel Spreadsheet Guidelines to enhance the appearance of a worksheet.
- Understand how to align data in cell locations.
- Examine how to enter multiple lines of text in a cell location.
- Understand how to add borders to a worksheet.
- Examine how to use the AutoSum feature to calculate totals.
- Use the Cut, Copy, and Paste commands to manipulate the data on a worksheet.
- Understand how to move, rename, insert, and delete worksheet tabs.
This section addresses formatting commands that can be used to enhance the visual appearance of a worksheet. It also provides an introduction to mathematical calculations. The skills introduced in this section will give you powerful tools for analyzing the data that we have been working with in this workbook and will highlight how Excel is used to make key decisions in virtually any career. Additionally, Excel Spreadsheet Guidelines for format and appearance will be introduced as a format for the course and spreadsheets submitted.
Formatting Data and Cells
Enhancing the visual appearance of a worksheet is a critical step in creating a valuable tool for you or your coworkers when making key decisions. There are accepted professional formatting standards when spreadsheets contain only currency data. For this course, we will use the following Excel Guidelines for Formatting. The first figure displays how to use Accounting number format when ALL figures are currency. Only the first row of data and the totals should be formatted with the Accounting format. The other data should be formatted with Comma style. There also needs to be a Top Border above the numbers in the total row. If any of the numbers have cents, you need to format all of the data with two decimal places.
Often, your Excel spreadsheet will contain values that are both currency and non-currency in nature. When that is the case, you’ll want to use the guidelines in the following figure:
The following steps demonstrate several fundamental formatting skills that will be applied to the workbook that we are developing for this chapter. Several of these formatting skills are identical to ones that you may have already used in other Microsoft applications such as Microsoft® Word® or Microsoft® PowerPoint®.
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- Select the range A2:D2. Click the Bold button in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the ribbon.
- Click the Border button in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon (see Figure 1.32). Select the Bottom Border option from the list to achieve the goal of a border on the bottom of row 2 below the column headings.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Bold Format
- Hold down the CTRL key while pressing the letter B on your keyboard.
- Mac Users: Hold the Control key and press the letter B or hold down the Command key and press the letter B
- Select the range A15:D15.
- Click the Bold button in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the Border button in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon (see Figure 1.32). Select the Top Border option from the list to achieve the goal of a border on the top of row 15 where totals will eventually display.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Italics Format
- Hold the CTRL key while pressing the letter I on your keyboard.
- Mac Users: Hold the Control key and press the letter I or hold down the Command key and press the letter I
Keyboard Shortcuts
Underline Format
- Hold the CTRL key while pressing the letter U on your keyboard.
- Mac Users: Hold the Control key and press the letter U or hold down the Command key and press the letter U
Why?
Format Column Headings and Totals
Applying formatting enhancements to the column headings and column totals in a worksheet is a very important technique, especially if you are sharing a workbook with other people. These formatting techniques allow users of the worksheet to clearly see the column headings that define the data. In addition, the column totals usually contain the most important data on a worksheet with respect to making decisions, and formatting techniques allow users to quickly see this information.
- Select the range B3:B14.
- Click the Comma Style button in the Number group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon. This feature adds a comma as well as two decimal places. (see Figure 1.33).
- Since the figures in this range do not include cents, click the Decrease Decimal button in the Number group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon two times (see Figure 1.33).
- The numbers will also be reduced to zero decimal places.
- Select the range C3:C14.
- Click the Accounting Number Format button in the Number group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon (see Figure 1.33). This will add the US currency symbol and two decimal places to the values. This format is common when working with pricing data. As discussed above in the Formatting Data and Cells section, you will want to use Accounting format on all values in this range since the worksheet contains non-currency as well as currency data.
- Select the range D3:D14.
- Again, select the Accounting Number Format; this will add the US currency symbol to the values as well as two decimal places.
- Click the Decrease Decimal button in the Number group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- This will add the US currency symbol to the values and reduce the decimal places to zero since there are no cents in these figures.
- Select the range A1:D1.
- Click the down arrow next to the Fill Color button in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon (see Figure 1.34). This will add background fill color the range for a worksheet title when entered.
- Click the Blue, Accent 1, Darker 25% color from the palette (see Figure 1.34). Notice that as you move the mouse pointer over the color palette, you will see a preview of how the color will appear in the highlighted cells. Experiment with this feature.
- Click on A1 and enter the worksheet title: Merchandise City, USA and click on the check mark in the formula bar to enter this information.
- Since the black font is difficult to read on the blue background, you’ll change the font color to be more visible. Click the down arrow next to the Font Color button in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon; select White as the font color for this range (see Figure 1.32).
- Select the range A1:D1 and format for Italics by clicking on “I” in the Font group.
- Click the drop-down arrow on the right side of the Font button in the Home tab of the Ribbon; select Arial as the font for this range and format for Bold click on “B” in the Font group. (see Figure 1.32).
- Notice that as you move the mouse pointer over the font style options, you can see the font change in the highlighted cells.
- Expand the column width of Column D to 14 characters.
Why?
Pound Signs (####) Appear in Columns
When a column is too narrow for a long number, Excel will automatically convert the number to a series of pound signs (####). In the case of words or text data, Excel will only show the characters that fit in the column. However, this is not the case with numeric data because it can give the appearance of a number that is much smaller than what is actually in the cell. To remove the pound signs, increase the width of the column.
Figure 1.35 shows how the Sheet1 worksheet should appear after the formatting techniques are applied.
Data Alignment (Wrap Text, Merge Cells, and Center)
The skills presented in this segment show how data are aligned within cell locations. For example, text and numbers can be centered in a cell location, left justified, right justified, and so on. In some cases you may want to stack multiword text entries vertically in a cell instead of expanding the width of a column. This is referred to as wrapping text. These skills are demonstrated in the following steps:
- Select the range A2:D2.
- Click the Center button in the Alignment group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon (see Figure 1.36). This will center the column headings in each cell location.
- Click the Wrap Text button in the Alignment group (see Figure 1.36). The height of Row 2 automatically expands, and the words that were cut off because the columns were too narrow are now stacked vertically.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Wrap Text
- Press the ALT key and then the letters H and W one at a time.
- There is no equivalent shortcut for Excel for Mac
Why?
Wrap Text
The benefit of using the Wrap Text command is that it significantly reduces the need to expand the column width to accommodate multiword column headings. The problem with increasing the column width is that you may reduce the amount of data that can fit on a piece of paper or one screen. This makes it cumbersome to analyze the data in the worksheet and could increase the time it takes to make a decision.
- Select the range A1:D1.
- Click the down arrow on the right side of the Merge & Center button in the Alignment group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the Merge & Center option (see Figure 1.37). This will create one large cell location running across the top of the data set and center the text in that cell.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Merge Commands
- Merge & Center: Press the ALT key and then the letters H, M, and C one at a time.
- Merge Cells: Press the ALT key and then the letters H, M, and M one at a time.
- Unmerge Cells: Press the ALT key and then the letters H, M, and U one at a time.
- There are no equivalent shortcuts for Excel for Mac
Why?
Merge & Center
One of the most common reasons the Merge & Center command is used is to center the title of a worksheet directly above the columns of data. Once the cells above the column headings are merged, a title can be centered above the columns of data. It is very difficult to center the title over the columns of data if the cells are not merged.
Figure 1.38 shows the Sheet1 worksheet with the data alignment commands applied. The reason for merging the cells in the range A1:D1 will become apparent in the next segment.
Skill Refresher
Wrap Text
- Activate the cell or range of cells that contain text data.
- Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the Wrap Text button.
Skill Refresher
Merge Cells
- Highlight a range of cells that will be merged.
- Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the down arrow next to the Merge & Center button.
- Select an option from the Merge & Center list.
Entering Multiple Lines of Text
In the Sheet1 worksheet, the cells in the range A1:D1 were merged for the purposes of adding a title to the worksheet. This worksheet will contain both a title and a subtitle. The following steps explain how you can enter text into a cell and determine where you want the second line of text to begin:
- Click cell A1. Since the cells were merged, clicking cell A1 will automatically activate the range A1:D1. Position your mouse to the end of the title, directly after the “A” in the word “USA” and double-click to get a cursor (flashing I-beam).
- Hold down the ALT key and press the ENTER key. This will start a new line of text in this cell location.
- Type the text Retail Sales and press the ENTER key.
- Select cell A1. Then click the Bold buttons in the Font group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon so that the titles are now in Bold and Italics.
- Increase the height of Row 1 to 30 points. Once the row height is increased, all the text typed into the cell will be visible (see Figure 1.39).
Skill Refresher
Entering Multiple Lines of Text
- Activate a cell location.
- Type the first line of text.
- Hold down the ALT key and press the ENTER key.
- Type the second line of text and press the ENTER key.
Borders (Adding Lines to a Worksheet)
In Excel, adding custom lines to a worksheet is known as adding borders. Borders are different from the grid lines that appear on a worksheet and that define the perimeter of the cell locations. The Borders command lets you add a variety of line styles to a worksheet that can make reading the worksheet much easier. The following steps illustrate methods for adding preset borders and custom borders to a worksheet:
- Click the down arrow to the right of the Borders button in the Font group of commands in the Home page of the Ribbon to view border options. (see Figure 1.40).
- Select the range A1:D15. Left click the All Borders option from the Borders drop-down menu (see Figure 1.40). This will add vertical and horizontal lines to the range A1:D15.
- Select the range A2:D2 .
- Click the down arrow to the right of the Borders button.
- Left click the Thick Bottom Border option from the Borders drop-down menu.
- Select the range A14:D14 and apply a Thick Bottom Border from the drop-down menu. The thick border will help maintain the Excel Formatting Guidelines.
- Select the range A1:D15.
- Click the down arrow to the right of the Borders button.
- Click More Borders… at the bottom of the List.
- This will open the Format Cells dialog box (see Figure 1.41). You can access all formatting commands in Excel through this dialog box.
- In the Style section of the Borders tab, click the thickest line style (see Figure 1.41).
- Click the Outline button in the Presets section (see Figure 1.41).
- Click the OK button at the bottom of the dialog box (see Figure 1.41).
Skill Refresher
Preset Borders
- Highlight a range of cells that require borders.
- Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the down arrow next to the Borders button.
- Select an option from the preset borders list.
Custom Borders
- Highlight a range of cells that require borders.
- Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the down arrow next to the Borders button.
- Select the More Borders option at the bottom of the options list.
- Select a line style and line color.
- Select a placement option.
- Click the OK button on the dialog box.
AutoSum
You will see at the bottom of Figure 1.42 that Row 15 is intended to show the totals for the data in this worksheet. Applying mathematical computations to a range of cells is accomplished through functions in Excel. Chapter 2 will review mathematical formulas and functions in detail. However, the following steps will demonstrate how you can quickly sum the values in a column of data using the AutoSum command:
- Click cell B15 in the Sheet1 worksheet.
- Click the Formulas tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the down arrow below the AutoSum button in the Function Library group of commands (see Figure 1.43). Note that the AutoSum button can also be found in the Editing group of commands in the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the Sum option from the AutoSum drop down menu. The first click will display a flashing marquee around the range. Click the check mark next to the Formula bar to complete the function.
- Excel will provide a total for the values in the Unit Sales column.
- Click cell D15. It would not make sense to total the averages in column C so C15 will be left blank.
- Repeat steps 3 through 5 to sum the values in the Sales Dollars column (see Figure 1.44).
- Click cell C15 to explore other AutoSum selections. Select the COUNT function from the list; Excel will return “12” for the number of months (rows). Excel will also display indicators of a green arrow in the corner of C15 and an exclamation point in yellow. These indicate that the function in this cell varies from the other functions in row 15. They can be ignored and do not print.
- Click cell C15 again; this time selecting the MAX option from the list. Excel will display $19.99. This reflects the Maximum Average Price in column C.
- Click cell C15 and delete the contents in this cell.
Skill Refresher
AutoSum
- Highlight a cell location below or to the right of a range of cells that contain numeric values.
- Click the Formulas tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the down arrow below the AutoSum button.
- Select a mathematical function from the list.
Moving, Renaming, Inserting, and Deleting Worksheets
The default names for the worksheet tabs at the bottom of workbook are Sheet1, Sheet2, and so on. However, you can change the worksheet tab names to identify the data you are using in a workbook. Additionally, you can change the order in which the worksheet tabs appear in the workbook. The following steps explain how to rename and move the worksheets in a workbook:
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- Double click the Sheet1 worksheet tab at the bottom of the workbook (see Figure 1.45). Type the name Sales by Month.
- Press the ENTER key on your keyboard.
- Click the + to the right of the newly named worksheet.
- Type the name Unit Sales Rank to prepare the worksheet for future use.
- Press the ENTER key on your keyboard.
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- Click the + to add another worksheet tab.
- Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the down arrow on the Delete button in the Cells group of commands.
- Click the Delete Sheet option from the drop-down list. This removes the unneeded worksheet.
- Click the Delete button on the Delete warning box (if a warning box appears).
- Complete the steps above to delete the newly named Unit Sales Rank worksheet since it’s decided that worksheet is also unnecessary so that you are left with just one worksheet.
- Excel incorporates Spell Check which is located on the Review Ribbon. Clicking on the tool will allow Excel to check Spelling of alphabetic entries and allow for corrections. It’s a good habit to always use Spell Check your work before saving/printing.
- Save the changes to your workbook by clicking either the Save button on the Home ribbon; or by selecting the Save option from the File menu.
Integrity Check
Deleting Worksheets
Be very cautious when deleting worksheets that contain data. Once a worksheet is deleted, you cannot use the Undo command to bring the sheet back. Deleting a worksheet is a permanent command.
Keyboard Shortcuts
Inserting New Worksheets
- Press the SHIFT key and then the F11 key on your keyboard. Same for Excel for Mac.
Figure 1.46 shows the final appearance of the Merchandise City, USA workbook.
Skill Refresher
Renaming Worksheets
- Double click the worksheet tab.
- Type the new name.
- Press the ENTER key.
Moving Worksheets
- Left click the worksheet tab.
- Drag it to the desired position.
Deleting Worksheets
- Open the worksheet to be deleted.
- Click the Home tab of the Ribbon.
- Click the down arrow on the Delete button.
- Select the Delete Sheet option.
- Click Delete on the warning box.
Key Takeaways
- Formatting skills are critical for creating worksheets that are easy to read and have a professional appearance.
- A series of pound signs (####) in a cell location indicates that the column is too narrow to display the number entered.
- Using the Wrap Text command allows you to stack multiword column headings vertically in a cell location, reducing the need to expand column widths.
- Use the Merge & Center command to center the title of a worksheet directly over the columns that contain data.
- Adding borders or lines will make your worksheet easier to read and helps to separate the data in each column and row.
- You cannot use the Undo command to bring back a worksheet that has been deleted.
Attribution
Adapted by Barbara Lave from How to Use Microsoft Excel: The Careers in Practice Series, adapted by The Saylor Foundation without attribution as requested by the work’s original creator or licensee, and licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.