1.6 What Causes Crime?
Let’s return to the Portland COVID-19 and crime example from the chapter opening. What are some factors that may have led to the increase in crime following the start of the pandemic? Notice that we are talking about what “may have” caused crime because we cannot completely prove it—it’s just a theory.
Factors that criminological theories claim may have led to an increase in crime are criminogenic factors, meaning that they increase the likelihood of crime occurring when they are present. For example, remote learning caused kids to miss the social interactions, positive adult relationships, targeted instruction and support, structure, safety, and meals that in-person school typically provides. The loss of any one of these things could be criminogenic for some kids, but let’s focus on just one: food insecurity.
Families with food insecurity often rely on free or reduced-priced lunches and breakfasts from schools. When the pandemic began and schools closed, there was a time when some children went hungry because they did not have enough food at home. Food insecurity is a significant criminogenic factor under any circumstances but especially when it is part of the larger problem of a world-wide pandemic. What might families or youth do when they are hungry and have no access to food they can afford? In this circumstance, food insecurity is a criminogenic factor because it increases the likelihood of crime occurring.
Activity: Criminogenic Factors and the Courts
Defense attorneys may sometimes use criminogenic factors to explain why a crime was committed by their client. To be clear, neither of the following defenses or claims are backed by any criminological theories or research. Read these two extreme examples of supposed criminogenic factors, then answer the discussion questions at the end.
People of the State of California v. Daniel James White
San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk, a prominent gay rights activist, were assassinated in their offices in 1978 by Daniel White. White’s attorneys claimed he had been struggling with depression as was evidenced by his consumption of large amounts of Twinkies—and only Twinkies—in the days leading up to the murders. As a result, although White was facing the death penalty if found guilty of the two counts of murder with which he was charged, the jury convicted him only of voluntary manslaughter. His sentence ended up being 8 years in prison. This infamous case has since become known as “the Twinkie defense.”
State of Texas v. Ethan Couch
In 2013, 16-year-old Ethan Couch was charged with four counts of manslaughter after taking his father’s truck, driving to Walmart to steal beer, driving drunk, injuring nine people, and killing four pedestrians. His attorneys claimed Couch suffered from “affluenza,” which is not a medically recognized condition. As a result of being raised in an extremely wealthy family and being spoiled, the defense claimed he could not recognize the consequences of his actions. Ethan Couch was sentenced to 10 years of probation. His case has become known as “the affluenza defense.”
Discussion Questions
- What do you think of these defenses? Can Twinkies and affluenza be considered criminogenic factors?
- If extreme wealth and sugar overload really are considered criminogenic factors, what could be done to intervene and stop criminal behavior as a result?
Check Your Knowledge
Licenses and Attributions for What Causes Crime?
Open Content, Original
“What Causes Crime?” by Taryn VanderPyl is licensed under CC BY 4.0. Revised by Jessica René Peterson.
“What Causes Crime? Question Set” was created by ChatGPT and is not subject to copyright. Edits for relevance, alignment, and meaningful answer feedback by Colleen Sanders are licensed under CC BY 4.0.
legal term describing the violation of a criminal law
a statement that proposes to describe and explain why facts or other social phenomenon are related to each other based on observed patterns
something that increases the likelihood of crime occurring when it is present