1.8 References
Akers, R. L., & Sellers, C. S. (2012). Criminological theories: Introduction, evaluation, and application (6th ed.). Oxford.
Arden, A. (2021, May 10). If crime is cyclical, is there hope crime in Portland will decrease after the pandemic? KOIN. https://www.koin.com/is-portland-over/looking-at-the-data-portland-crime-during-the-pandemic/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2024, February 23). COVID data tracker. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home
Cline, S. (2021, October 19). ‘A dangerous time’: Portland, Oregon, sees record homicides. U.S. News and World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-10-19/a-dangerous-time-portland-oregon-sees-record-homicides
Cohen, J. (1941). The geography of crime. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 217(1), 29-37.
Commonwealth v. Carter, 481 Mass. 352, 115 N.E.3d 559 (2019). https://www.lexisnexis.com/community/casebrief/p/casebrief-commonwealth-v-carter
FreedomWorks. (2016, January 14). 19 ridiculous federal criminal laws and regulations. https://www.freedomworks.org/content/19-ridiculous-federal-criminal-laws-and-regulations
Gazaway, W. (2021, February 15). Portland community leaders disagree over role of gangs in gun violence problem. KATU 2 ABC. https://katu.com/news/on-your-side/portland-community-leaders-disagree-over-role-of-gangs-in-gun-violence-problem
Gershon, L. (2021, September 3). The ugly history of Chicago’s “Ugly Law”. JSTOR Daily. https://daily.jstor.org/the-ugly-history-of-chicagos-ugly-law/
Krathwohl, D. (1993). Methods of educational and social science research: An integrated approach. Longman.
Peters, J. (2013, July 9). Warm weather homicide rates: When ice cream sales rise, homicides rise. Coincidence, or will your next cone murder you? Slate. http://dsodown.mywebtext.org/pdf/s03-Warm_Weather_Homicide_Rates.pdf
Psychology Today. (n.d.). Bias. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/bias
Schweik, S. M. & Wilson, R. A. (n.d.). Ugly Laws. https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/timeline/54d39e27f8a0ea4706000009#:~:text=So-called%20″ugly%20laws
Simon, C. (2018, October 29). Weirdest laws passed in every state. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/list/news/nation-now/weirdest-laws-every-state/53ad0541-3518-4432-adc4-0fec193d389e/
Sutherland, E. H. (1934). Principles of criminology.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1969). Criminal victimization surveys. Government Printing Office.