3.10 References

About Hate Crime Statistics. (2019). FBI. https://ucr.fbi.gov/hate-crime/2019/resource-pages/about-hate-crime

Bureau of Justice Statistics, Data Collection: National Crime Victimization Survey, NCVS Dashboard. (2022). https://ncvs.bjs.ojp.gov/Home

Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Incident-Based Reporting System, NIBRS Home. (2024) https://bjs.ojp.gov/national-incident-based-reporting-system-nibrs

Crime/Law Enforcement Stats (UCR Program). (2023, January 31). Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr

Flanagin, J. (2015, April 27). Native Americans are the unseen victims of a broken US justice system. Quartz; Quartz. https://qz.com/392342/native-americans-are-the-unseen-victims-of-a-broken-us-justice-system/

“Governor Hochul Signs Package of Legislation to Address Discrimination and Racial Injustice” | Governor Kathy Hochul. (2021). https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-signs-package-legislation-address-discrimination-and-racial-injustice

Hindelang, Hirschi, & Weis, (1981). Measuring delinquency. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Pubs.

Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M. E. (2018). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use.

Kappler, V., & Potter, G. 2018. The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice (5th ed.). Waveland Press, Inc: Long Grove.

Kleck, G., Tark, J., & Bellows, J. J. (2006). What methods are most frequently used in research in criminology and criminal justice? Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(2), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.01.007

Kopf, D., Wegner, P. (2015). The Racial Geography of Mass Incarceration. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/racialgeography/report.html

Lab, S., Holcomb, J., & King, W. (2013). Criminal justice: The Essentials. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Lakota People’s Law Project. (2015). Native Lives matter. Lakota People’s Law Project. https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/lakota-peoples-law/uploads/Native-Lives-Matter-PDF.pdf

Langton, L., Berzofsky, M., Krebs, C. P., & Smiley-McDonald, H. (2012). Victimizations not reported to the police, 2006-2010 (p. 18). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.

LEOKA. (2022, November 16). Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/leoka

Moore, K. S., Tom, R., & O’Neil, J. (2022). The Truth Behind Crime Statistics. The Thurgood Marshall Institute. https://www.naacpldf.org/the-truth-behind-crime-statistics/

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Standards | Office of Research on Women’s Health. (n.d.). Orwh.od.nih.gov. https://orwh.od.nih.gov/toolkit/other-relevant-federal-policies/OMB-standards

Officer Down Memorial Page. (2024). The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP). https://www.odmp.org/

Pew Research Center (PEW). (2020). Fewer than half of crimes in the U.S. are reported, and fewer than half of reported crimes are solved. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/11/20/facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s/ft_20-11-12_crimeintheus_4/

Rantala, R. R. (2000). Effects of NIBRS on crime statistics. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, DC.

Sakala, L. (2010). Breaking Down Mass Incarceration in the 2010 Census. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/rates.html

Simkus, Julia. 2023. https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-a-cross-sectional-study.html

Solorzano, Y. E. (2021). The Significance of the Dark Figure of Crime: Analyzing Unreported Violent Crime Statistics. Turlock: California State University Stanislaus.

UCR Technical Specifications, User Manuals, and Data Tools. (2022, December 1). Law Enforcement. https://le.fbi.gov/informational-tools/ucr/ucr-technical-specifications-user-manuals-and-data-tools#:~:text=Summary%20Reporting%20System%20(SRS),the%20retirement%20of%20the%20SRS.

Use-of-Force. (2022, October 19). Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://www.fbi.gov/how-we-can-help-you/more-fbi-services-and-information/ucr/use-of-force#:~:text=The%20FBI%20created%20the%20National,agencies%20on%20January%201%2C%202019.

Victim Information. (2021, October 18). https://www.justice.gov/usao-ak/victim-information#:~:text=Under%20federal%20law%2C%20a%20%22victim,the%20commission%20of%20a%20crime.