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7.9 References

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Alper M., Durose M., and Markman J. (2018). 2018 update on prisoner recidivism: A 9-year Follow-up period (2005–2014). Washington, D.C.: Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.

Berdejó, C. (2018). Criminalizing race: Racial disparities in plea bargaining. Boston College Law Review, 59(4), 1187-1250.

Concannon, C., and Na, C. (2023). Examining racial and ethnic disparity in prosecutors’ bail decisions, requests, and downstream decision-making. Race and Social Problems, 1–18. doi:10.1077/s12552-022-09385-0.

Delaney, R., Subramanian, R., Shames, A., and Turner, N. (2018). Reimagining prison web report. Vera Institute. https://www.vera.org/reimagining-prison-web-report

Fair Trials. (n.d.). Plea bargaining. https://www.fairtrials.org/campaigns/plea-bargaining/

Freeman, K. R., Hu, C., and Jannetta, J. (2021). Racial equity and criminal justice risk assessment. Urban Institute https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/103864/racial-equity-and-criminal-justice-risk-assessment.pdf

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Human Rights Watch. (2018). Q & A: Pretrial incarceration, bail, and profile-based risk Assessment in the United States. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/01/q-pretrial-incarceration-bail-and-profile-based-risk-assessment-united-states

Innocence Project. (2025). Explore the numbers: Innocence Project’s impact. https://innocenceproject.org/exonerations-data/

Jan, T. (2017). News media offer consistently warped portrayals of black families, study finds. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/12/13/news-media-offers-consistently-warped-portrayals-of-black-families-study-finds/

Jannetta, J., Breaux, J., Ho, H., & Porter, J. (2014). Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Probation Revocation: Summary Findings and Implications from a Multisite Study, Urban Institute.

Kaeble, D. (2023). Probation and parole in the United States, 2021. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/ppus21.pdf

Kimchi, A. (2019). Investigating the assignment of probation conditions: Heterogeneity and the role of race and ethnicity. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 35, 715–745. doi:10.1007/s10940-018-9400-2

Knight, A. F. (2018). Racial implicit bias in the plea bargaining process. Applied Psychology Opus, Fall 2018 Issue. https://wp.nyu.edu/steinhardt-appsych_opus/racial-implicit-bias/

McKinley, E., and Fries, A. (November 23, 2020). A ‘broken’ parole process: Data shows widened Racial bias. Times Union. https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/A-broken-parole-process-Data-show-widening-15739596.php

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Rosbach, M. (July 13, 2020). A study finds that clothing-based racist stereotypes persist against Black men. Oregon State University Newsroom. https://today.oregonstate.edu/news/study-finds-clothing-based-racist-stereotypes-persist-against-black-men

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Williams, J. M., Wilson, S. K., and Bergeson, C. (2019). “It’s hard out here if you’re a Black felon”: A critical examination of Black male reentry. The Prison Journal, 99(4), 437–453. doi:10.1177/0032885519852088

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