9.7 References

Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. The New Press.

Alexander, M. (2018). The Newest Jim Crow. The New York Times, SR1–SR3.

Anderson, K. O., Green, C. R., and Payne, R. (2009). Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Pain: Causes and Consequences of Unequal Care. The Journal of Pain, 10(12), 1187–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2009.10.002

Anthony, A. (2021). Meet Carl Hart: Parent, Columbia Professor—and Heroin User. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/feb/06/meet-carl-hart-parent-columbia-professor-and-heroin-user

Bazerman, M. H. (2022). Complicit: How We Enable the Unethical and How to Stop. Princeton University Press.

Bourgois, P. (1995). In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge University Press.

Encyclopedia Britannica Editors. (2023). “War on Drugs | History & Mass Incarceration.” In https://www.britannica.com/topic/war-on-drugs

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2023). Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm

Chimbar, L., and Moleta, Y. (2018). Naloxone Effectiveness: A Systematic Review. Journal of Addictions Nursing 29 (July):167–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000230.

Cooper, H. L. F., Des Jarlais, D. C., Ross, Z., Tempalski, B., Bossak, B., and Friedman, S. R. (2011). Spatial Access to Syringe Exchange Programs and Pharmacies Selling Over-the-Counter Syringes as Predictors of Drug Injectors’ Use of Sterile Syringes. American Journal of Public Health 101 (6):1118–25. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.184580.

Delouya, S. (2023). Court Grants Sackler Family Immunity in Exchange for $6 Billion Opioid Settlement. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/30/business/sackler-purdue-opioid-liability/index.html#:~:text=Court%20grants%20Sackler%20family%20immunity%20in%20exchange%20for%20%246%20billion%20opioid%20settlement,-By%20Samantha%20Delouya&text=Members%20of%20the%20billionaire%20Sackler,court%20of%20appeals%20ruled%20Tuesday

DeWeerdt, Sarah. 2019. “Tracing the US Opioid Crisis to Its Roots.” Nature 573 (7773): S10–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-02686-2.

Drucker, E. (2002). Population Impact of Mass Incarceration under New York’s Rockefeller Drug Laws: An Analysis of Years of Life Lost. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 79 (3):434–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/79.3.434.

Drug Policy Alliance. (2022). “One Year of Drug Decriminalization in Oregon: Early Results Show 16,000 People Have Accessed Services through Measure 110 Funding & Thousands Have Avoided Arrest.” Drug Policy Alliance. February 1, 2022. https://drugpolicy.org/news/one-year-drug-decriminalization-oregon-early-results-show-16000-people-have/.

Fair, H. and Walmsley, R. (2021). World Prison Population List. In World Prison Brief (13th edition). Core Publications. https://www.prisonstudies.org/resources/world-prison-population-list-13th-edition

Fernandes, R. M., Cary, M., Duarte, G., Jesus, G., Alarcão, J., Torre, C., Costa, S., Costa, J., and Carneiro, A. V. (2017). Effectiveness of Needle and Syringe Programmes in People Who Inject Drugs – An Overview of Systematic Reviews. BMC Public Health 17 (1):309. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4210-2.

Freed Wessler, S. (2016). Special Investigation: Dying in Private Prisons. The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/special/private-prison-deaths/

Gowan, T., and Whetstone, S. (2012). Making the Criminal Addict: Subjectivity and Social Control in a Strong-Arm Rehab. Punishment & Society, 14(1), 69–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474511424684

Hassan, S. (2022). Saving Our Own Lives: A Liberatory Practice of Harm Reduction. Haymarket Books.

Hart, C. L., and Hart, M. Z. (2019). Opioid Crisis: Another Mechanism Used to Perpetuate American Racism. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology 25 (1):6–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000260.

Hughes, M. D., Suhail-Sindhu, S., Namirembe, S., Jordan, A., Medlock, M. M., Tookes, H., Turner, J. F., and González‐Zúñiga, P. (2022). The Crucial Role of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous Leadership in Harm Reduction and Addiction Treatment. American Journal of Public Health, 112(S2), S136–S139. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.306807

James, K., and Jordan, A. (2018). The Opioid Crisis in Black Communities. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics: A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics 46 (2):404–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073110518782949.

Kariisa, M., Davis, N. L., Kumar, S., Seth, P., Mattson, C. L., Chowdhury, F., and Jones, C. M. (2022). Vital Signs: Drug Overdose Deaths, by Selected Sociodemographic and Social Determinants of Health Characteristics—25 States and the District of Columbia, 2019–2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(29), 940–947. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7129e2

Kendi, I. X., and Blain, K. N. (2021). Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America 1619–2019 (First). One World.

Lantz, M. & Neiubuurt, B. (2020). Measure 110 (2020) Background Brief. [Report December 9, 2020]. Legislative Policy and Research Office. Retrieved from https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/lpro/Publications/Background-Brief-Measure-110-2020.pdf

López, A., Thomann, M., Dhatt, Z., Ferrera, J., Al-Nassir, M., Ambrose, M. L., and Sullivan, S. Z. (2022). Understanding Racial Inequities in the Implementation of Harm Reduction Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 112(S2), S173–S181. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.306767

McGreal, C. (2019). The Sacklers were Drug Dealers Who Put Money Over Morality. The Purdue Deal is no Different. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/17/opioids-crisis-sackler-family-purdue-pharma-deal

Macy, B. (2022). Raising Lazarus: Hope, Justice, and the Future of America’s Overdose Crisis. Back Bay Books.

Marlatt, G. A. 1996. “Harm Reduction: Come as You Are.” Addictive Behaviors 21 (6): 779–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(96)00042-1.

McColl, W. D. (2017). Theory and Practice in the Baltimore City Drug Treatment Court. In Nolan, James L. Drug Courts in Theory and Practice. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. (Original work published in 2002).

Nellis, Ashley. 2021. “The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity in State Prisons.” https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons-the-sentencing-project/.

Netherland, J., and Hansen, H. (2017). White Opioids: Pharmaceutical Race and the War on Drugs That Wasn’t. BioSocieties, 12(2), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2015.46

Okie, S. (2009). Crack Babies: The Epidemic That Wasn’t. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27coca.html

Oregon Criminal Justice Commission. (2020). IP 44 Racial and Ethnic Impact Statement Supplemental Document. 5 August. Available at: https://www.theskanner.com/images/stories/2020/August/IP44-REI-Statement-Supplement.pdf (accessed October 18, 2021).

Platt, L., Minozzi, S., Reed, J., Vickerman, P., Hagan, H., French, C., Jordan, A., et al. (2018). Needle and Syringe Programmes and Opioid Substitution Therapy for Preventing HCV Transmission among People Who Inject Drugs: Findings from a Cochrane Review and Meta-Analysis. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 113 (3):545–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14012.

Reinarman, C., and Levine, H. G. (1997). Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, University of California Press.

Roberts, D. E. (1997). Unshackling Black Motherhood. Michigan Law Review, 95(4), 938–964. https://doi.org/10.2307/1290050

Roberts, D. E. (2002). Shattered Bonds: The Color of Child Welfare. Basic Books.

Russoniello, K., Vakharia, S. P., Netherland, J., Naidoo, T., Wheelock, H., Hurst, T., and Rouhani, S. (2023). Decriminalization of drug possession in Oregon: Analysis and early lessons. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 9, 205032452311674–. https://doi.org/10.1177/20503245231167407

Sheeran, A. M., and Heideman, A. J. (2021). The Effects of Race and Ethnicity on Admission, Graduation, and Recidivism in the Milwaukee County Adult Drug Treatment Court. Social Sciences (Basel), 10(7), 261–. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070261

City of Portland, Oregon. (n.d.). Social Equity Program Details. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/civic/article/698824

Tiger, R. (2013). Judging Addicts: Drug Courts and Coercion in the Justice System. NYU Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qfv9x

Trotter, J. W. (2019). Workers on Arrival : Black Labor in the Making of America. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520971172

Troyer, C. (2021). Suppressing the Black Male Vote: Ronald Reagan and the War on Drugs. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=pat_pnw

Quinones, S. (2015). Dreamland: The True Tale of America’s Opiate Epidemic. Paperback edition. New York, Bloomsbury Press.

Weiland, N. (2023). U.S. Recorded Nearly 110,000 Overdose Deaths in 2022. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/17/us/politics/drug-overdose-deaths.html

Woods, I. P. (1998). Bring Harm Reduction to the Black Community: There’s a Fire in My House and You’re Telling Me to Rearrange My Furniture? In Marlatt, G. A. Harm Reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors. Guilford Press.