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Policing in America

Vibrant and colorful photo of a variety of police agency patches - such as Chicago Police, Salem Police, and Minneapolis Police - strewn about on a table
Figure 5.1. There are over 18,000 police agencies in the United States: some small, some large, some at federal, state, or local levels. Regardless of how each one individually operates, we can trace them back to early colonial roots and see how the institution of law enforcement has evolved.

Contents of This Chapter:

  1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
    1. Overview
    2. Learning Objectives
    3. Key Terms
    4. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Open Content, Original
      2. Open Content, Shared Previously
  2. The History and Evolution of American Policing
    1. Early American Police
    2. Policing “Separate but Equal”
    3. Policing the Civil Rights Movement
      1. Voting rights and police violence
      2. LGBTQIA+ rights and police violence
    4. Police as Soldiers in the War on Drugs
    5. Policing the Southern Border
    6. Check Your Knowledge
    7. Licenses and Attributions for The History and Evolution of American Policing
      1. Open Content, Original
      2. Open Content, Shared Previously
      3. All Rights Reserved Content
  3. Police Discretion
    1. Implicit Bias and Discrimination
    2. Activity: Konerak Sinthasomphone: Dahmer’s Youngest Victim
    3. Differential Patterns in Police Encounters
    4. Over-Policing and Under-Policing
    5. Corruption
    6. Check Your Knowledge
    7. Licenses and Attributions for Police Discretion
      1. Open Content, Original
      2. Open Content, Shared Previously
      3. All Rights Reserved Content
  4. Police Training and Culture
    1. Police Officer Demographics
    2. Police Culture and Representation
    3. Initiatives for Working with Diverse Populations
    4. Check Your Knowledge
    5. Licenses and Attributions for Police Training and Culture
      1. Open Content, Original
      2. Open Content, Shared Previously
  5. Current Events and Trends
    1. Public Perceptions of Police
    2. Excessive Force and Police Brutality
    3. Learn More: List of High-Profile Fatalities Involving Police and the Black Community, 2010–Present*
    4. Reform, Defund, or Abolish?
    5. Police Accountability
    6. Activity: Dontre Hamilton and the Milwaukee Police Department
    7. Check Your Knowledge
    8. Licenses and Attributions for Current Events and Trends
      1. Open Content, Original
      2. Open Content, Shared Previously
      3. All Rights Reserved Content
  6. Conclusion
    1. Discussion Questions and Chapter Resources
      1. Discussion questions
      2. Chapter resources
    2. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
  7. References

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Race, Crime and Injustice Copyright © by Shanell Sanchez, PhD and Jessica René Peterson, PhD is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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