10.7 References
Abuelaish, Izzeldin, Michael S Goodstadt, and Rim Mouhaffel. 2020. “Interdependence between Health and Peace: A Call for a New Paradigm.” Health Promotion International 35 (6): 1590–1600. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa023.
Adjahoe, Andre. 2017. Black Pregnant Woman with Black Man Kissing Her Stomach. Photo. https://unsplash.com/photos/tqunk3qB_yU.
Administration for Children and Families. N.d. “Trauma.” US Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed October 24, 2023. https://www.acf.hhs.gov/trauma-toolkit/trauma-concept.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2011. “Disparities in Health Care Quality Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups: Selected Findings from the AHRQ 2010 NHQR and NHDR.” AHRQ Publication No. AHRQ 11-0005-3-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,. http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhqrdr10/nhqrdrminority1 0.htm.
———. 2020. “2019 National Healthcare Quality and Disparities Report: Introduction and Methods.” AHRQ Publication No.20(21)-0045-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for HealthCare Research and Quality. https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/research/findings/nhqrdr/2019qdr-intro-methods.pdf.
Alin, Sarah, Greg Marchildon, and Allie Peckham. 2020. “International Health Care System Profiles: Canada.” June 5, 2020. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/international-health-policy-center/countries/canada.
Badreldin, Nevert, William A. Grobman, and Lynn M. Yee. 2019. “Racial Disparities in Postpartum Pain Management.” Obstetrics & Gynecology 134 (6): 1147–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003561.
Beaumonis, Zsea, and Candace Bond-Theriault. 2017. “Queering Reproductive Justice: A Toolkit.” National LGBTQ Task Force. https://www.thetaskforce.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Queering-Reproductive-Justice-A-Toolkit-FINAL.pdf.
Becker, Dana. N.d. “Borderline Personality Disorder: The Disparagement of Women through Diagnosis.” Accessed December 3, 2011. https://www.awpsych.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=109&catid=74&Itemid=126.
Becker, Howard. 1952. “The Social System. By Talcott Parsons. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1951. 575 Pp. $6.00 and Toward a General Theory or Action. Edited by Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1951. 506 Pp. $7.50.” Social Forces 30 (4): 462–65. https://doi.org/10.2307/2572350.
Beltran, Raiza M., Ian W. Holloway, Chenglin Hong, Ayako Miyashita, Luisita Cordero, Elizabeth Wu, Katherine Burris, and Paula M. Frew. 2022. “Social Determinants of Disease: HIV and COVID-19 Experiences.” Current HIV/AIDS Reports 19 (1): 101–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-021-00595-6.
Berkman, Lisa F. 2009. “Social Epidemiology: Social Determinants of Health in the United States: Are We Losing Ground?” Annual Review of Public Health, no. 30: 27–40.
Best, Joel. 2020. “The Social Problems of COVID-19.” In The Social Problems of COVID-19: Volume 1: US Perspectives, edited by Glen W. Muschert, Kristen M. Budd, Michelle Christian, David C. Lane, and Jason A. Smith, 1st ed. Vol. 1. Bristol, UK: Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv15d81tx.
Callahan, Daniel. 1973. “The WHO Definition of Health.” Studies – Hastings Center 1 (February): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3527467.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 2020. “Cases, Data, and Surveillance.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. February 11, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/covid-net/purpose-methods.html.
———. 2021. “Infant Mortality | Maternal and Infant Health | Reproductive Health | CDC.” September 8, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/infantmortality.htm.
———. 2022a. “Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).” March 16, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html.
———. 2022b. “Risk for COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death By Race/Ethnicity.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 26, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/investigations-discovery/hospitalization-death-by-race-ethnicity.html.
———. N.d. -a “Provisional COVID-19 Deaths: Distribution of Deaths by Race and Hispanic Origin | Data | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.” Accessed March 31, 2022a. https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Deaths-Distribution-of-Deaths/pj7m-y5uh.
———. N.d.-b.“Perceived Exertion (Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale).” CDC.Gov. Accessed July 23, 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/measuring/exertion.htm.
———. N.d.-c. We Can Prevent Childhood Adversity. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/images/infographic/dvp-ACEsInfographicData.jpg.
Cockerham, William C. 2009. Medical Sociology. 11th ed. Prentice Hall. https://www.biblio.com/book/medical-sociology-11th-edition-cockerham-william/d/685704770.
Conerly, Tonja R., Kathleen Holmes, Jennifer Hensley, Jennifer L Trost, Pamela Alcasey, Kate McGonigal, Heather Griffiths, et al. 2021. Introduction to Sociology. 3e ed. Openstax. https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-sociology-3e.
Conrad, Peter, and Kristin K. Barker. 2010. “The Social Construction of Illness: Key Insights and Policy Implications.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51 Suppl: S67-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383495.
Conrad, Peter, and Josef W. Schneider. 1992. Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
“Coronavirus.” N.d. Accessed December 9, 2023. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus.
“Coronavirus (COVID-19) Deaths.” 2020. Our World in Data. 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths.
Daniel, Hilary, and Renee Butkus. 2015. “Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Disparities: Executive Summary of a Policy Position Paper From the American College of Physicians.” Annals of Internal Medicine 163 (2): 135–37. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2482.
Davies, Dave. 2023. “How Poverty and Racism ‘weather’ the Body, Accelerating Aging and Disease.” NPR, March 28, 2023, sec. Public Health. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/03/28/1166404485/weathering-arline-geronimus-poverty-racism-stress-health.
Demby, Gene. 2018. “Making the Case That Discrimination Is Bad for Your Health.” NPR, January 14, 2018, sec. The Code Switch Podcast. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/03/28/1166404485/weathering-arline-geronimus-poverty-racism-stress-health.
Denchak, Melissa. 2018. “Flint Water Crisis: Everything You Need to Know.” NRDC. November 8, 2018. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flint-water-crisis-everything-you-need-know.
Docteur, Elizabeth, and Robert A. Berenson. 2008. “How Does the Quality of US Health Care Compare Internationally?” Timely Analysis of Immediate Health Policy Issues 9 (August): 1–14. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/30596/411947-How-Does-the-Quality-of-U-S-Health-Care-Compare-Internationally-.PDF.
Economic Policy Institute. 2017. “How Would Repealing the Affordable Care Act Affect Health Care and Jobs in Your State?” Economic Policy Institute (blog). 2017. https://www.epi.org/aca-obamacare-repeal-impact/.
Eherenreich, Barbara, and Dierdre English. 2010. Witches, Midwives, & Nurses. 2nd ed. The Feminist Press at CUNY. https://www.perlego.com/book/3238752/witches-midwives-nurses-second-edition-a-history-of-women-healers-pdf?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&campaignid=15825112969&adgroupid=132780871635&gclid=Cj0KCQjwgYSTBhDKARIsAB8Kukv7aNRred1G8DXbZsFg0s_hMMS8gIATD1–j-pFrxXlsmqLmsBzxIAaAvY7EALw_wcB.
Fields, Aryn. 2021. “CDC Confirms LGB People at Greater Risk of COVID-19.” Human Rights Campaign. February 4, 2021. https://www.hrc.org/press-releases/cdc-releases-report-confirming-lesbian-gay-and-bisexual-people-at-greater-risk-of-covid-19-illness-calls-for-more-data-collection.
Figueroa, Caroline A., Tiffany Luo, Adrian Aguilera, and Courtney R. Lyles. 2021. “The Need for Feminist Intersectionality in Digital Health.” The Lancet Digital Health 3 (8): e526–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00118-7.
Forde, Allana T., Danielle M. Crookes, Shakira F. Suglia, and Ryan T. Demmer. 2019. “The Weathering Hypothesis as an Explanation for Racial Disparities in Health: A Systematic Review.” Annals of Epidemiology 33 (May): 1-18.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.02.011.
Fox, B, and D Worts. 1999. “Revisiting the Critique of Medicalized Childbirth: A Contribution to the Sociology of Birth.” Gender and Society 13 (3): 326–46.
Funk, Cary, and Mark Hugo Lopez. 2022. “Hispanic Americans’ Trust In and Engagement with Science.” Pew Research. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2022/06/14/a-brief-statistical-portrait-of-u-s-hispanics/.
Gage Wivliet, Margot, dir. 2021. I’ve Had COVID-19 for a Year. Here’s What I’ve Learned. H.264 video. TED. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LX_JRHZdkI.
Garfield, Rachel, Anthony Damico, and Kendal Orgera. 2019. “The Uninsured and the ACA: A Primer – Key Facts about Health Insurance and the Uninsured amidst Changes to the Affordable Care Act.” KFF (blog). January 25, 2019. https://www.kff.org/uninsured/report/the-uninsured-and-the-aca-a-primer-key-facts-about-health-insurance-and-the-uninsured-amidst-changes-to-the-affordable-care-act/.
Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace & Security, dir. 2020. A Gender Perspective on COVID 19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PghY-cCzoAE.
Geronimus, Arline. 2021. “Weathering the Pandemic: Dying Old at a Young Age from Pre-Existing Racist Conditions.” Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice 27 (2): 409–40. https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1517&context=crsj.
———. 2023. Weathering: The Extraordinary Stress of Ordinary Life in an Unjust Society. New York: Little, Brown Spark.
Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma. London: Penguin. https://www.freelists.org/archives/sig-dsu/11-2012/pdfKhTzvDIi8n.pdf.
Government of Canada. 2011. “Canada’s Health Care System.” Education and awareness. Canada Health. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/reports-publications/health-care-system/canada.html.
Harris, Nadine Burke, dir. 1424188236. How Childhood Trauma Affects Health across a Lifetime. https://www.ted.com/talks/nadine_burke_harris_how_childhood_trauma_affects_health_across_a_lifetime.
Hassan, Imad, Fatima Obaid, Roa Ahmed, Lobna Abdelrahman, Sara Adam, Omiema Adam, Mohammed Alfatih Yousif, Khobieb Mohammed, and Tayseer Kashif. 2020. “A Systems Thinking Approach for Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 26 (8): 872–75. https://applications.emro.who.int/emhj/v26/08/1020-3397-2020-2608-872-876-eng.pdf?ua=1.
Hayden, Sara. N.d. “Feminist Activists Today Should Still Look to ‘Our Bodies, Ourselves.’” The Conversation. Accessed April 21, 2022. http://theconversation.com/feminist-activists-today-should-still-look-to-our-bodies-ourselves-95503.
Haydn Drake [@paramedickiwi]. 2016. “Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Is a Useful Tool for Non-English Speaking Patients & Children. #SPANZ16 Https://T.Co/VXjnOGS6mo.” Tweet. Twitter. https://twitter.com/paramedickiwi/status/723272970722926592/photo/1.
Herzog, Kenny. 2021. “Meet 12-Year-Old Samuel Keusch, Aka The Vaccine Helper.” March 17, 2021. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/367223.
Heslin, K C, and J E Hall. 2021. “Sexual Orientation Disparities in Risk Factors for Adverse COVID-19–Related Outcomes, by Race/Ethnicity — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.” Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report 70: 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7005a1.
Hostetter, Martha, and Sarah Klein. 2018. “In Focus: Identifying and Addressing Health Disparities Among Hispanics.” December 27, 2018. https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/2018/dec/focus-identifying-and-addressing-health-disparities-among-hispanics.
Hrkac, Matt. 2022. Rally for Abortion Rights in Australia. Photo. Roe v Wade OVERTURNED: Protest to defend US Abortion Rights (Melb). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roe_v_Wade_OVERTURNED_Protest_to_defend_US_Abortion_Rights_(Melb)_(52188153278).jpg.
Japan, U. S. Army Garrison. 2015. Arnn Students Celebrate Diversity; Weeklong Recognition. Photo. https://www.flickr.com/photos/usagj/18179933775/.
Kaiser Family Foundation. 2007. “Key Facts: Race, Ethnicity and Medical Care.” KFF (blog). January 30, 2007. https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/report/key-facts-race-ethnicity-and-medical-care/.
———. 2010. “International Health Systems: Canada.” Kaiser Family Foundation.
Keisler-Starkey, Katherine, and Lisa N. Bunch. 2020. “Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2019.” P60-271. US Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2020/demo/p60-271.html.
Keith, Katie. 2020. “Tracking The Uninsured Rate In 2019 And 2020 | Health Affairs Forefront.” Health Affairs. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20201007.502559/full/.
KFF. 2011. “Health Coverage of Children: The Role of Medicaid and CHIP.” Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/fact-sheet/health-coverage-of-children-the-role-of/.
Klein, Ezra. 2009. “Ezra Klein – Health Reform for Beginners: The Difference Between Socialized Medicine, Single-Payer Health Care, and What We’ll Be Getting.” The Washington Post (blog). December 14, 2009. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2009/06/health_reform_for_beginners_th_1.html.
Kusisto, Laura. 2022. “Doctors Struggle With Navigating Abortion Bans in Medical Emergencies.” Wall Street Journal, October 13, 2022, sec. US. https://www.wsj.com/articles/doctors-struggle-with-navigating-abortion-bans-in-medical-emergencies-11665684225.
Lange, Elizabeth M.S., Suman Rao, and Paloma Toledo. 2017. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Obstetric Anesthesia.” Seminars in Perinatology 41 (5): 293–98. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.006.
Liao, Pamela Verma, and Janet Dollin. 2012. “Half a Century of the Oral Contraceptive Pill.” Canadian Family Physician 58 (12): e757–60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3520685/.
Lincoln County Health and Human Services. N.d. “Lincoln County Community Health Assessment 2018-2022.” Accessed March 31, 2022. https://www.co.lincoln.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/health_amp_human_services/page/4316/lincoln_county_2018_cha_2.pdf.
Lipka, Michael. 2022. “A Closer Look at Republicans Who Favor Legal Abortion and Democrats Who Oppose It.” Pew Ressearch Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/06/17/a-closer-look-at-republicans-who-favor-legal-abortion-and-democrats-who-oppose-it/.
Logan McCallum, Mary Jane. 2017. “The How and Why of Indigenous Nurse History.” Nursing Clio. November 30, 2017. https://nursingclio.org/2017/11/30/the-how-and-why-of-indigenous-nurse-history/.
Luo, Michael. 2021. Photo of Yes to Science Protesters. Photo. https://unsplash.com/photos/a-group-of-people-holding-signs-and-wearing-masks-Qz_bBqmlOTE.
Martin. 2020. “Goal 3: Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All at All Ages.” United Nations Development Programme. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/health/.
michael_swan. 2020. Lockdown Protesters. Photo. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mmmswan/49818315648/.
Milck, and AG, dirs. 2017. #IcantKeepQuiet #Anthem in the Women’s March on Washington. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zLvIw8J8sWE.
National Heart Blood and Lung Institute. 2023. “National Black Doulas Association: Helping to Fight Black Maternal Mortality | NHLBI, NIH.” May 11, 2023. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/healthy-hearts-network-partner-spotlight/national-black-doulas-association-helping-fight-black.
NBC News, dir. 2022. Investigating Claims That Oximeters Give Inaccurate Readings To Patients With Darker Skin. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nsf3jJdmm7U.
NIPC. N.d. “Pain Assessment Scales.” Accessed April 21, 2022. https://www.maineddc.org/images/PDFs/Pain_Assessment_Scales.pdf.
Noe-Bustamante, Luis, Jens Manuel Krogstad, and Mark Hugo Lopez. 2021. “For US Latinos, COVID-19 Has Taken a Personal and Financial Toll.” Race & Ethnicity (blog). July 15, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2021/07/15/for-u-s-latinos-covid-19-has-taken-a-personal-and-financial-toll/.
Oluo, Ijeoma. 2022. “Healthcare…Can’t Live with It….Can’t Live without It.” Substack newsletter. Ijeoma Oluo: Behind the Book (blog). March 18, 2022. https://ijeomaoluo.substack.com/p/healthcarecant-live-with-itcant-live.
Omukuti, Jessica, Matt Barlow, Maria Eugenia Giraudo, Tallulah Lines, and Jean Grugel. 2021. “Systems Thinking in COVID-19 Recovery Is Urgently Needed to Deliver Sustainable Development for Women and Girls.” The Lancet Planetary Health 5 (12): e921–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00232-1.
Onderko, Karen. 2018. “What Is Trauma?” Unyte Integrated Listening (blog). September 13, 2018. https://integratedlistening.com/blog/what-is-trauma/.
Oregon Health Sciences University. 2023. “Transgender Health Program | OHSU.” 2023. https://www.ohsu.edu/transgender-health.
Our Bodies Ourselves. 2023. “Our Bodies Ourselves Today.” 2023. https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/.
Oyez. N.d. “Roe v. Wade.” Oyez.Org. Accessed July 23, 2022. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-18.
Parsons, Talcott. 1951. The Social System. England: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Patel, J.A., F.B.H. Nielsen, A.A. Badiani, S. Assi, V.A. Unadkat, B. Patel, R. Ravindrane, and H. Wardle. 2020. “Poverty, Inequality and COVID-19: The Forgotten Vulnerable.” Public Health 183 (June): 110–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.006.
“Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act – Glossary.” N.d. HealthCare.Gov. Accessed December 9, 2023. https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/patient-protection-and-affordable-care-act.
Pearce, Elizabeth, and Michaela Willi Hooper. 2022. People Living in the US Who Are Uninsured. Graph.
Phelan, J. C. 2015. “Is Racism a Fundamental Cause of Inequalities in Health?” Annual Review of Sociology, no. 41: 311–30.
Phelan, Jo C., and Bruce G Link. 2003. “When Income Affects Outcome: Socioeconomic Status and Health.” Research in Profile 6. http://www.investigatorawards.org/downloads/research_in_profiles_iss06_feb2003.pdf.
Ranji, Usha, Caroline Rosenzweig, and Alina Salganicoff. 2018. “Women’s Coverage, Access, and Affordability: Key Findings from the 2017 Kaiser Women’s Health Survey.” Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/womens-coverage-access-and-affordability-key-findings-from-the-2017-kaiser-womens-health-survey/.
Ranji, Usha, and Alma Salganico. 2011. “Women’s Health Care Chartbook: Key Findings from the Kaiser Women’s Health Survey.” The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. http://www.kff.org/womenshealth/upload/8164.pdf=.
Reading, Jeffrey, Andrew Kmetic, and Valerie Gideon. 2007. “First Nations Holistic Policy and Planning Model: Discussion Paper for the World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health.” Canada: Assembly of First Nations. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.476.9397&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
Resolve to Save Lives, dir. 2021. Isaiah – Voices of Long COVID. H.264 video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jks6zAYQFcM.
Ritchie, Hannah, Edouard Mathieu, Lucas Rodés-Guirao, Cameron Appel, Charlie Giattino, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Joe Hasell, Bobbie Macdonald, Diana Beltekian, and Max Roser. 2020. “Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19).” Our World in Data, March. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths.
Robles-Fradet, Alexis, and Mara Greenwald. 2022. “Doula Care Improves Health Outcomes, Reduces Racial Disparities and Cuts Cost.” National Health Law Program. August 8, 2022. https://healthlaw.org/doula-care-improves-health-outcomes-reduces-racial-disparities-and-cuts-cost/.
Roeder, Amy. N.d. “America Is Failing Its Black Mothers | Harvard Public Health Magazine | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.” Accessed March 31, 2022. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/america-is-failing-its-black-mothers/.
Sabin, Janice A. N.d. “How We Fail Black Patients in Pain.” Aamc.Org. Accessed July 23, 2023. https://www.aamc.org/news/how-we-fail-black-patients-pain.
Scheff, Thomas J. 1963. “The Role of the Mentally Ill and the Dynamics of Mental Disorder: A Research Framework.” Sociometry 26 (4): 436–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786147.
Schoen, Cathy, Michelle M. Doty, Ruth H. Robertson, and Sara R. Collins. 2011. “Affordable Care Act Reforms Could Reduce The Number Of Underinsured US Adults By 70 Percent.” Health Affairs 30 (9): 1762–71. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0335.
Shai, Ayelet, Shahar Koffler, and Yael Hashiloni-Dolev. 2021. “Feminism, Gender Medicine and beyond: A Feminist Analysis of ‘Gender Medicine.’” International Journal for Equity in Health 20 (1): 177. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01511-5.
SisterSong Inc. 2023. “Sister Song.” Sister Song. 2023. https://www.sistersong.net.
Sjoding, Michael, Robert Dickson, Theodore Iwashyna, Steven Gay, and Thomas Valley. 2021. “Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement | NEJM Letter to the Editor,” February 23, 2021. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmc2029240.
Tai, Don Bambino Geno, Aditya Shah, Chyke A Doubeni, Irene G Sia, and Mark L Wieland. 2021. “The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 on Racial and Ethnic Minorities in the United States.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 72 (4): 703–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa815.
Taylor, Shelley E. 2011. “Tend and Befriend Theory.” In Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, edited by A. M. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins, 43. Sage Publications. https://taylorlab.psych.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2014/11/2011_Tend-and-Befriend-Theory.pdf.
The Black Doula Project. 2023. “The Black Doula Project.” The Black Doula Project. 2023. https://www.blackdoulaproject.com/about.
The Boston Women’s Health Book Collective. 1973. Image of 1973 Edition of “Our Bodies, Ourselves.” Photo. https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/about-us/our-history/publications/the-preface-to-the-1973-edition-of-our-bodies-ourselves/.
The Guardian, dir. 2021. Inside a Long Covid Clinic: ’I Look Normal, but My Body Is Breaking down’. H.264 video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsJr2u3V83U.
The Sex, Gender and COVID-19 Project. 2022. “The Sex, Gender and COVID-19 Project | Global Health 50/50.” September 15, 2022. https://globalhealth5050.org/the-sex-gender-and-covid-19-project/.
The White House. 2021. “FACT SHEET: Vice President Kamala Harris Announces Call to Action to Reduce Maternal Mortality and Morbidity.” The White House. December 7, 2021. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/07/fact-sheet-vice-president-kamala-harris-announces-call-to-action-to-reduce-maternal-mortality-and-morbidity/.
Thompson, Hayley S., Mark Manning, Jamie Mitchell, Seongho Kim, Felicity W. K. Harper, Sheena Cresswell, Kristopher Johns, et al. 2021. “Factors Associated With Racial/Ethnic Group–Based Medical Mistrust and Perspectives on COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Participation and Vaccine Uptake in the US.” JAMA Network Open 4 (5): e2111629. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11629.
Ulaby, Neda. 2017a. “I’ve Seen A Lot Of People Die”: Health Care System Overlooks Many Trans People : Shots – Health News : NPR. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/21/564817975/health-care-system-fails-many-transgender-americans.
———. 2017b. “Health Care System Fails Many Transgender Americans.” NPR, November 21, 2017, sec. You, Me And Them: Experiencing Discrimination In America. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/21/564817975/health-care-system-fails-many-transgender-americans.
UNICEF. 2023. “Maternal Mortality Rates and Statistics.” UNICEF DATA. 2023. https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality/.
University of Michigan. 2023. Arline Geronimus – Faculty Profiles – U-M School of Public Health. Photo. https://sph-webprod.sph.umich.edu/faculty-profiles/geronimus-arline.html.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2021. “Persons with a Disability: Labor Force Characteristics News Release – 2021 A01 Results.” https://www.bls.gov/news.release/disabl.htm.
US Department of Health and Human Services. N.d. “Social Determinants of Health – Healthy People 2030 | Health.Gov.” Accessed August 31, 2022. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health.
USC Annenberg, dir. 2019. What Is Reproductive Justice? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4mwQhKLBiM.
Van Eck, Richard N., Heidi L. Gullett, Sara M. Lamb, Helene J. Krouse, Lauren W. Mazzurco, Onelia G. Lage, Joy H. Lewis, and Kimberly D. Lomis. 2021. “The Power of Interdependence: Linking Health Systems, Communities, and Health Professions Educational Programs to Better Meet the Needs of Patients and Populations.” Medical Teacher 43 (sup2): S32–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2021.1935834.
Wallis, Claudia. 2021. “Fixing Medical Devices That Are Biased against Race or Gender.” Scientific American. June 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0621-25.
Wamsley, Laurel. 2021. “American Life Expectancy Dropped By A Full Year In 1st Half Of 2020.” NPR, February 18, 2021, sec. Coronavirus Updates. https://www.npr.org/2021/02/18/968791431/american-life-expectancy-dropped-by-a-full-year-in-the-first-half-of-2020.
Weinman, Jason, and Yeva Aleksanyan. N.d. “In Countries More Biased against Women, Higher COVID-19 Death Rates for Men Might Not Tell an Accurate Story.” The Conversation. Accessed March 31, 2022. http://theconversation.com/in-countries-more-biased-against-women-higher-covid-19-death-rates-for-men-might-not-tell-an-accurate-story-175483.
Whitemarsh, I, and DS Jones. 2010. What’s the Use of Race? Genetics and Difference in Forensics, Medicine, and Scientific Research. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Winkelby, M A, D E Jatulis, E Frank, and S P Fortmann. 1992. “Socioeconomic Status and Health: How Education, Income, and Occupation Contribute to Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease. – PMC.” American Journal of Public Health 82 (6): 816–20. https://dx.doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.82.6.816.
World Health Organization. 1946. “Constitution of the World Health Organization.” UN World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/about/governance/constitution.
———. 2013. “Social Determinants of Health: Key Concepts.” World Health Organization. Retrieved November 24, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/social-determinants-of-health-key-concepts.
———. 2020. “Children: Improving Survival and Well-Being.” UN World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality.
———. 2021. “Abortion.” World Health Organization. November 25, 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/abortion.
———. N.d. “Health Equity.” Accessed August 31, 2022. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-equity#tab=tab_1.