13.6 Chapter Summary
Patricia Antoine and Kimberly Puttman
The way you live impacts the way you die. Sociologists see that dying itself is a social problem. People’s experience differs depending on their culture, beliefs, and values. Their experiences of power and privilege impact when and how they die in complex ways. Issues about who decides when to get medical treatment at the end of life or who decides when to die are complex social questions. People and communities are grappling with these complex issues and creating interdependent solutions that reinforce the value of human life and the social justice of death and dying
Essential Ideas
Learning Objective 1: How do we explain death and dying as a social problem?
Death and Dying can be a social problem because although each person has a unique death, wider social forces influence the life expectancy and ability to have a good death based on social location. We disagree about who makes the decision for someone to die or what should happen to people’s bodies/ How we define death and choose to care for the dead changes over time and place. Finally, moving toward equity in death and dying requires the interdependent action of changing laws, policies, and practices, engaging in community conversations, and taking individual actions, like being willing to talk about death in a positive way.
Learning Objective 2: What are the cultural, social, and structural factors that impact death and dying?
Depending on which culture you live in, you may understand death to be physical, legal, or social. You may bury or cremate your dead or take time for grief. We also see that social location with corresponding power and privilege changes what the end of life or death looks like for groups of people. More specifically, People of Color, people who are houseless, and people who live in rural areas, among other social locations, have less access to needed services and are likely to die sooner than others with more privilege.
Learning Objective 3: How does the concept of life course illuminate issues around aging and dying?
A life course model defines the expectations for what people will do at various stages of their lives. These models differ by culture, time, and space. Particularly when we think of aging and death, a life course model defines when in a person’s life they should happen. When death occurs as it is expected, it is a “good death”. When this norm is violated, we have an unexpected death. We can also use these models to think about power and oppression related to aging. In some societies, the elderly are respected and revered. In others, they are ignored and silenced. Fear of death and dying can lead to ageism, particularly because the fearful people want to avoid people at end of life.
Learning Objective 4: How does the social institution of religion create the potential for conflict in values, a characteristic of a social problem?
Religion is a social institution and a set of beliefs that is particularly engaged with questions of living and dying. Religions and spiritual traditions differ widely in how they think of life and death, what is acceptable to do with the body, and how funeral rites should occur. In addition, the landscape of our religious affiliations is changing. In the US, fewer people are Christian, membership in other religious traditions is generally growing, and many people say that they don’t have any religious affiliation. Because of the wide variety of differences, and the differences in power related to each religious tradition, we experience conflict in values and norms around death and dying. This conflict generates a social problem.
Learning Objective 5: How does thanatology help us understand the social problem of death and dying?
Thanatology is a discipline that studies death and dying. It combines the knowledge and wisdom of sociology, psychology, biology, medicine, anthropology, and philosophy to make sense of a complex and challenging stage of life. By considering the individual, the family, the body, the community, and the wider social structures, thanatology helps to create a holistic picture of death and dying and support people, families, and communities in moving through the process with grace.
Learning Objective 6: How are individuals and communities creating new possibilities of interdependent improvements to create social justice in the process of death and dying?
Health practitioners, lawmakers, activists, and people who are dying are taking action to make death and dying more equitable. From RIP T-Shirts, to green burials, to POLSTs and advance directives, to conscious communities and concerts in graveyards, we are rethinking what it means to live and die well. It’s not easy, but interdependent action can create social justice for the dead.
Key Terms Review
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Key Terms List
ageism: discrimination based on age.
a good death: a death that is free from avoidable death and suffering for patients, families, and caregivers in general accordance with the patients’ and families’ wishes.
brain death: brain death, or what became known as the “whole-brain” definition of death, involved the following criteria: the absence of spontaneous muscle movement (including breathing), lack of brain-stem reflexes, the absence of brain activity, and the lack of response to external stimuli.
death: when a person’s body ceases to function
death positivity: a concept that means we are open to honest conversations about death and dying, and is the foundation of a social movement that challenges us to reimagine all things tied to death and dying.
disenfranchised grief: grief that is unacknowledged and unsupported both within their sub-culture and within the larger society.
end of life: the period preceding an individual’s natural death from a process that is unlikely to be arrested by medical care.
excess death: the difference between the observed numbers of deaths in a particular time period and the expected deaths for that same time period.
green burial: a way of caring for the dead with a minimal environmental impact that aids in the conservation of natural resources, reduction of carbon emissions, protection of worker health, and the restoration and or preservation of habitat.
hospice: specialized healthcare for those approaching end-of-life. Focuses on quality of life, comfort care, and medical, psychological, and social needs; treats the person and the symptoms of disease and illness rather than the disease itself, supports the patient and family.
life course: the period from birth to death, including a sequence of predictable life events such as physical maturation.
life expectancy: the number of years a person can expect to live, based on an estimate of the average age that members of a particular population group will be when they die.
palliative care: specialized medical care for people living with a serious illness. This type of care is focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of the illness.
religion: a personal or institutional system of beliefs, practices, and values relating to the cosmos and supernatural.
Right to Die Laws: laws that allow a person who suffers from a terminal disease and meets the required criteria to choose to end their life on their terms.
rural: areas are sparsely populated, have low housing density, and are far from urban centers.
social death: the loss of social identity, loss of social connectedness, and loss associated with the disintegration of the body.
thanatology: the scientific study of death, the dying process, and bereavement.
Discuss and Do
- Lifecourse and “a Good Death”: How has COVID-19 challenged our expectations around a good death?
- Conflict in Values/Right to Die: This 9.27-minute video, Right-to-die movement finds new life beyond Oregon [YouTube Video], discusses the right to die. As you watch, you can think about who is making the decision about when to die. Also, what conflict in values is present in answering the question about who decides?
- Aging, Ageism and Lifecourse: Does your access to power and privilege change over the course of your life? Please use the life course model to illuminate your answer.
- Religion, Death and Dying: How do religion and spirituality impact how a person or social group expects to experience death and dying?
- Culture, Death, and Dying: The sections on culture and death and dying all have additional readings or videos. Please compare two of the sources. What did you learn?
- Individual Agency, Collective Action and Social Justice: Take action related to death and dying: have” the conversation,” attend a death cafe, evaluate burial options, or take an action of your choice. What did you learn by taking action?
Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Summary
Open Content, Original
“Chapter Summary” by Patricia Antoine and Kimberly Puttman is licensed under CC BY 4.0.
a social condition or pattern of behavior that has negative consequences for individuals, our social world, or our physical world
an ideal or principle that determines what is correct, desirable, or morally proper.
the ability of an actor to sway the actions of another actor or actors, even against resistance
an advantage that is unearned, exclusive to a particular group or social category, and socially conferred by others
the period preceding an individual’s natural death from a process that is unlikely to be arrested by medical care
full and equal participation of of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs
When a person’s body ceases to function