9.6 References

Abdurraqib, Samaa. 2021. “City of Portland Racial Equity Steering Committee: Full Report.” https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/00b915fe-26e2-479d-b77a-9a7fc35fb5e2.

Anderson, Monica. 2016. “The Hashtag #BlackLivesMatter Emerges: Social Activism on Twitter.” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech (blog). August 15, 2016. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/08/15/the-hashtag-blacklivesmatter-emerges-social-activism-on-twitter/.

Bailey Jr., Everton. 2020. “$23 Million Cited as Portland Protest Damages Was Mostly Tied to Coronavirus Closures.” The Oregonian/OregonLive, July 10, 2020, sec. Portland. https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/07/coronavirus-closures-inflated-23-million-reported-in-downtown-portland-protest-damages.html.

Barnard Center for Research on Women, dir. 2020. What Is Transformative Justice? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-_BOFz5TXo.

Birdsong, Mia, dir. 2016. An Interview with the Founders of Black Lives Matter. https://www.ted.com/talks/alicia_garza_patrisse_cullors_and_opal_tometi_an_interview_with_the_founders_of_black_lives_matter.

Black Futures Lab. 2021. “Our Team | Black Futures Lab.” 2021. https://blackfutureslab.org/our-team/.

Black Lives Matter. 2021a. “Imagining Abolition.” Black Lives Matter. July 16, 2021. https://blacklivesmatter.com/imagining-abolition/.

———, dir. 2021b. Imagining Abolition (Episode 3): The Abolitionist Pod. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDvVOI1kGek.

———. 2023. “Black Lives Matter Home.” Black Lives Matter. 2023. https://blacklivesmatter.com/.

———. N.d. “Transparency Center.” Black Lives Matter. Accessed September 6, 2022. https://blacklivesmatter.com/.

Blumer, Herbert. 1969. “Collective Behavior.” In Principles of Sociology, edited by A. M. Lee, 67–121. New York, NY: Barnes and Noble.

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2015. “The Structure of Racism in Color-Blind, ‘Post-Racial’ America.” American Behavioral Scientist 59 (11): 1358–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764215586826.

Bosak, Kelli. N.d. “Victory in Vernonia!” Rural Organizing Project (blog). Accessed April 2, 2022. https://rop.org/update/victory-in-vernonia/.

Brooks, Jack. 1994. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. Vol. H.R. 3355. https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/house-bill/3355/text.

Burns, Katelyn. 2020. “Why Police Violence so Often Targets Trans People.” Vox. June 23, 2020. https://www.vox.com/identities/2020/6/23/21295432/police-black-trans-people-violence.

Byrne, Matt. 2021. “Portland Police Adopt Some Recommendations by Racial Equity Committee, Still Far from Others.” Press Herald (blog). July 28, 2021. https://www.pressherald.com/2021/07/27/portland-police-adopt-some-recommendations-by-racial-equity-committee-still-far-from-others/.

Campaign Zero. 2023. “Mapping Police Violence.” Mapping Police Violence. 32 2023. https://mappingpoliceviolence.org/.

Castells, Manuel. 2015. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. 2nd edition. Cambridge UK: Polity Press. https://www.wiley.com/en-br/Networks+of+Outrage+and+Hope%3A+Social+Movements+in+the+Internet+Age%2C+2nd+Edition-p-9780745695761.

CBS News. N.d. “Democratic Debate: Do Black Lives Matter?” Accessed September 6, 2022. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-debate-do-black-lives-matter/.

Children’s Bureau. 2021. “Child Welfare Practice to Address Racial Disproportionality and Disparity.” Bulletins for Professionals. Children’s Bureau: An Office of the Administration for Children and Families. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubpdfs/racial_disproportionality.pdf.

Coalition of Communities of Color, and Portland State University. N.d. “The African American Community in Multnomah County: An Unsettling Profile.” Accessed September 6, 2022. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/civic/article/505485.

Cobb, Jelani. 2016. “The Matter of Black Lives.” The New Yorker, March 6, 2016. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed.

Conerly, Tonja R., Kathleen Holmes, Jennifer Hensley, Jennifer L Trost, Pamela Alcasey, Kate McGonigal, Heather Griffiths, et al. 2021. Introduction to Sociology. 3e ed. Openstax. https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-sociology-3e.

Critical Resistance. 2022. “Critical Resistance.” Critical Resistance. 2022. https://criticalresistance.org.

Cullen, James. 2018. “The History of Mass Incarceration.” Brennan Center for Justice. https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/history-mass-incarceration.

Cullors, Patrisse. 2013. “Declaration: Black Bodies Will No Longer Be Sacrificed for the Rest of the World’s Enlightenment. I Am Done. I Am so Done. Trayvon You Are Loved Infinitely. #blacklivesmatter.” Facebook.

Davis, Angela. 2018. “UC Santa Cruz Directory: Anglea Davis.” UC Santa Cruz. January 18, 2018. https://humanities.ucsc.edu/academics/faculty/index.php?uid=aydavis.

“Definition of Protest.” 2023. November 28, 2023. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/protest.

Dewan, Shaila. 2022. “Minneapolis Officers Found to Engage in Racist Policing.” The New York Times, April 27, 2022, sec. US https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/27/us/minneapolis-police-racism-human-rights.html.

DiAngelo, Robin. 2011. “White Fragility.” International Journal of Critical Pedagogy 3 (3): 54–70. https://libjournal.uncg.edu/ijcp/article/viewFile/249/116.

DiAngelo, Robin J. 2018. White Fragility: Why It’s so Hard for White People to Talk about Racism. Boston: Beacon Press.

Donato, Al. 2020. “Dads With Leaf Blowers Join Portland Protest’s Wall Of Moms.” HuffPost, July 27, 2020, sec. Parents. https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/portland-protests-dads-leaf-blowers_ca_5f1efe4bc5b638cfec482f67.

Don’t Shoot PDX. 2022. “Don’t Shoot PDX.” Don’t Shoot PDX. 2022. https://www.dontshootpdx.org.

Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. 2nd ed. 1 vols. Chicago IL: A.C McClurg & Co. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/408/408-h/408-h.htm.

Eberhardt, Peter, Howard Wail, and Devon Yee. 2020. “The New Face of Under-Resourced Communities.” Initiative for a Competitive Inner City. https://icic.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/The-New-Face-of_Under-Resourced-Communities.pdf.

Edwards, Frank, Hedwig Lee, and Michael Esposito. 2019. “Risk of Being Killed by Police Use of Force in the United States by Age, Race–Ethnicity, and Sex.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (34): 16793–98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821204116.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 2023. “Glossary.” 2023. https://www.fema.gov/about/glossary/u.

Fixler, Kevin. 2022. “Campaign to Join Idaho Gains Support of Two More Oregon Counties.” The Seattle Times. November 10, 2022. https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/nation-politics/campaign-to-join-idaho-gains-support-of-two-more-oregon-counties/.

Gaitán, Catalina. 2021. “After a Year of Portland Protests, Activists See No End in Sight.” The Oregonian, May 28, 2021, sec. Oregon Live. https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2021/05/after-a-year-of-portland-protests-activists-see-no-end-in-sight.html.

Garza, Alicia. 2013. “We Don’t Deserve to Be Killed with Impunity. We Need to Love Ourselves and Fight for a World Where Black Lives Matter. Black People, I Love You. I Love Us. We Matter. Our Lives Matter.” Facebook.

Gennaco, Michael, Stephen Connolly, Teresa Magula, and Julie Ruhlin. 2022. “AN INDEPENDENT REVIEW OF THE PORTLAND POLICE BUREAU: Agency Culture, Community Perception, and Public Safety in a Time of Change.” The City of Portland: The OIR Group. https://portlandor.govqa.us/WEBAPP/_rs/(S(oozirvvcj2liqf5bxgkq25lb))/BusinessDisplay.aspx?sSessionID=&did=48&cat=0.

Gilmore, Ruth Wilson. 2007. Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California.

Gonzales, Jorge. 2023. Photo of Manuel Castells. Photo. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Castells&oldid=1159582203.

Graves, Mark. 2020. “100 Days of Black Lives Matter Protests in Portland: Timeline and Photos Trace the Arc of Events.” The Oregonian/OregonLive, September 6, 2020, sec. Politics. https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2020/09/100-days-of-black-lives-matter-protests-in-portland-timeline-and-photos-trace-the-arc-of-events.html.

Haddad, Mohammed. 2021. “How Many People Have Been Killed by US Police since George Floyd?” May 25, 2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/how-many-people-have-police-killed-since-george-floyd.

Hagerty, Michael. 2019. “How Can You Have Racism Without Racists?” Houston Public Media. February 5, 2019. https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/shows/houston-matters/2019/02/05/320369/how-can-you-have-racism-without-racists/.

Hart, Rob. 2019. Aldon Morris Image. https://aldondmorris.com/2019/06/04/i-am-honored-to-serve-as-the-112th-asa-president/.

Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. 2012. Ruth Wilson Gilmore. Photo. https://www.flickr.com/photos/boellstiftung/6935288271/.

Hermits United. 2020. Dads with Leaf Blowers. Photo. https://www.upworthy.com/dads-with-leaf-blowers-join-wall-of-moms-in-portland-protests.

Hitchens, Antonia. 2021. “Modern America’s Most Successful Secessionist Movement.” The Atlantic. December 23, 2021. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/12/oregon-secession-idaho-move-border/621087/.

Horowitz, Juliana Menasce. 2021. “Support for Black Lives Matter Declined after George Floyd Protests, but Has Remained Unchanged Since.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/27/support-for-black-lives-matter-declined-after-george-floyd-protests-but-has-remained-unchanged-since/.

Hossinger, Eric. 2010. London Riot Police, November 2010. Photo. https://www.flickr.com/photos/hozinja/5248122650/.

Images, Sean Rayford/Getty. 2020. “Ahmaud Arbery and the Local Legacy of Lynching.” The Marshall Project. May 21, 2020. https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/05/21/ahmaud-arbery-and-the-local-legacy-of-lynching.

Imagine Black. 2022. “IMAGINE BLACK.” IMAGINE BLACK. 2022. https://www.imagineblack.org.

Jennings, Carly. 2020. “The Love Note That Launched a Movement.” American Sociological Association. August 7, 2020. https://www.asanet.org/news-events/footnotes/jul-aug-2020/features/love-note-launched-movement.

Jones, Lt. Steven. 2015. “PPB Force Demographics Summary Report.” Portland OR: PPB Professional Standards Division. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/police/article/533066.

Kendi, Ibram X. 2019. How To Be An Antiracist. New York: One World.

Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, dir. 2018. Implicit Bias Module Series. H.264 Video, PDF study guides. Columbus, OH: Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, Ohio State University. https://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu/implicit-bias-training.

Lang, Kurt. 1963. “Theory of Collective Behavior. By Neil J. Smelser. New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1963. 436 Pp. $6.75.” Social Forces 42 (2): 251–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/42.2.251.

Le Bon, Gustave. 1960. The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. Compass Books. New York: The Viking Press.

Lee, Trymaine. 2016. “Black Lives Matter Releases Policy Agenda.” NBC News, August 1, 2016. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/black-lives-matter-releases-policy-agenda-n620966.

Leitch, Stephanie, J Hope Corbin, Nikita Boston-Fisher, Christa Ayele, Peter Delobelle, Fungisai Gwanzura Ottemöller, Tulani Francis Mantenga, Oliver Mweemba, Ann Pederson, and Josette Wicker. 2020. “Black Lives Matter in Health Promotion: Moving from Unspoken to Outspoken.” Health Promotion International 36 (4): 1160–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daaa121.

Levinson, Jonathan. 2021. “Portland Has 5th Worst Arrest Disparities in the Nation, According to Compiled Data.” Opb. February 7, 2021. https://www.opb.org/article/2021/02/07/portland-has-5th-worst-arrest-disparities-in-the-nation-according-to-data/.

———. 2022. “Draft Rules to Govern Police Conduct in Oregon Leave Lots of Wiggle Room.” Opb. August 1, 2022. https://www.opb.org/article/2022/08/01/oregon-draft-rules-leave-wiggle-room-statewide-police-conduct/.

Loavesofbread 2023. Ferguson Unrest. Photo. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferguson_unrest&oldid=1162404082.

McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (6): 1212–41. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2777934.

McKeon, Howard P. 1998. H.R.6 – Higher Education Amendments of 1998. Vol. H.R.6. https://www.congress.gov/bill/105th-congress/house-bill/6.

Mcphail, Clark. 1991. “The Myth of the Madding Crowd.” Social Forces 71 (January). https://doi.org/10.2307/2579983.

Mingus, Mia. 2019. “Transformative Justice: A Brief Description.” Transform Harm (blog). January 11, 2019. https://transformharm.org/transformative-justice-a-brief-description/.

Morris, Aldon. 2021. “From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter.” Scientific American. February 3, 2021. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-civil-rights-to-black-lives-matter1/.

Morrison, Aaron. 2022. “AP Exclusive: Black Lives Matter Has $42 Million in Assets.” AP NEWS, May 17, 2022, sec. Politics. https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-race-ethnicity-philanthropy-black-lives-matter-5bc4772e029da522036f8ad2a02990aa.

Mosendz, Polly. 2014. “Second Night of Protests of Decision in Eric Garner Case.” Newsweek. December 4, 2014. https://www.newsweek.com/second-night-protests-decision-eric-garner-case-289373.

Movement for Black Lives. 2022a. “The Breathe Act.” The Breathe Act (blog). 2022. https://breatheact.org/learn-more/.

———. 2022b. “The People’s Response Act.” The Breathe Act (blog). 2022. https://breatheact.org/the-peoples-response-act/.

———. 2022c. “Visions for Black Lives.” M4BL (blog). 2022. https://m4bl.org/policy-platforms/.

NAACP. N.d. “The Origins of Modern Day Policing.” Accessed September 6, 2022. https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/origins-modern-day-policing.

National Public Radio. 2020. “The History Of Policing And Race In The US Are Deeply Intertwined.” NPR, June 13, 2020, sec. Race. https://www.npr.org/2020/06/13/876628302/the-history-of-policing-and-race-in-the-u-s-are-deeply-intertwined.

Nguyen, Ryan. 2020. “‘Naked Athena’: The Story behind the Surreal Photos of Portland Protester.” The Oregonian/OregonLive. July 19, 2020. https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/07/the-story-behind-the-surreal-photos-of-portland-protester-naked-athena.html.

Northwestern University, dir. 2021. How Do People Make Change? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2GD-wLMyzew.

NPR Podcasts, dir. 2020. History of Policing in America. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPu6-1yy8-o.

OMCT World Organization Against Torture. 2023. “Extrajudicial Killings.” OMCT. 2023. https://www.omct.org/en/what-we-do/extrajudicial-killings.

Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 1986. Racial Formation in the United States. New York, NY: Routledge.

Oregon Values and Beliefs Center. N.d. “Oregon Values and Beliefs Center Findings: Policing and Public Safety.” FlashAlert.Net. Accessed September 6, 2022. https://flashalert.net/id/OVBC/146701.

Oregonian, Guest Columnist | The. 2021. “Opinion: A Year after Portland’s 100 Days of Protest, Time to Recommit to Action.” Oregonlive. October 3, 2021. https://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/2021/10/opinion-a-year-after-portlands-100-days-of-protest-time-to-recommit-to-action.html.

Osta, Kathleen, and Hugh Vasquez. N.d. “Implicit Bias and Structural Racialization.” National Equity Project. Accessed September 6, 2022. https://www.nationalequityproject.org/frameworks/implicit-bias-structural-racialization.

Pacific Northwest Youth Liberation Front. 2023. Pacific Northwest (PNW) Youth Liberation Front. Photo. https://www.radical-guide.com/listing/pacific-northwest-youth-liberation-front/.

People’s Institute Northwest. 2022. “The People’s Institute Northwest: For Survival and Beyond.” 2022. https://www.pinwseattle.org/.

People’s Institute Northwest. 2023. “Home: People’s Institute Northwest.” 2023. https://www.pinwseattle.org/.

Perrin, Andrew. N.d. “23% of Users in US Say Social Media Led Them to Change Views on an Issue; Some Cite Black Lives Matter.” Pew Research Center (blog). Accessed May 2, 2022. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/15/23-of-users-in-us-say-social-media-led-them-to-change-views-on-issue-some-cite-black-lives-matter/.

Pierson, Emma, Camelia Simoiu, Jan Overgoor, Sam Corbett-Davies, Daniel Jenson, Amy Shoemaker, Vignesh Ramachandran, et al. 2020. “A Large-Scale Analysis of Racial Disparities in Police Stops across the United States.” Nature Human Behaviour 4 (7): 736–45. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1.

Pogust, Dan. 2020. “Is It Racist? Police Protests & Racial Injustice – OVBC.” Oregon Values and Beliefs Center (blog). July 29, 2020. https://oregonvbc.org/police-protests-and-racial-injustice/.

Pratim, Manash. 2018. “Social Media and Hashtag Activism.” Pp. 252–62 in Liberty Dignity and Change In Journalism. Kanishka Publication. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326655352_Social_Media_and_Hashtag_Activism

Reneau, Annie. 2020. “Dads with Leaf Blowers Join ‘Wall of Moms’ in Portland Protests – Upworthy.” Upworthy. July 23, 2020. https://www.upworthy.com/dads-with-leaf-blowers-join-wall-of-moms-in-portland-protests.

Saylor Foundation. 2016. Explaining Crime. 1.0. UMN Open Textbook Library. https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_social-problems-continuity-and-change/s11-04-explaining-crime.html.

Serbulo, Leanne C., and Karen J. Gibson. 2013. “Black and Blue: Police-Community Relations in Portland’s Albina District, 1964-1985.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 114 (1): 6–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5403/oregonhistq.114.1.0006.

Shakur, Assata. 2023. “Assata Shakur Speaks!” 2023. http://www.assatashakur.org/.

Sichynsky, Tanya. 2016. “These 10 Twitter Hashtags Changed the Way We Talk about Social Issues.” Washington Post, March 21, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/03/21/these-are-the-10-most-influential-hashtags-in-honor-of-twitters-birthday/.

Spector, Malcolm, and John I. Kitsuse. 2017. Constructing Social Problems. 1st ed. New York, NY: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315080512.

Taylor, Jennifer Rae, and Kayla Vinson. 2020. “Ahmaud Arbery and the Local Legacy of Lynching.” The Marshall Project, May 21, 2020, sec. Commentary. https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/05/21/ahmaud-arbery-and-the-local-legacy-of-lynching.

The Movement for Black Lives. 2023. “What Is the Breathe Act?” The Breathe Act (blog). 2023. https://breatheact.org/learn-more/.

The Atlantic, dir. 2018. How Does It Feel to Be a Problem? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z04KVyhZM5g.

The Editors, World Politics Review. 2022. “The Age of Global Protest.” World Politics Review (blog). June 10, 2022. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/blm-protests-and-the-age-of-global-protest/.

The Oregonian, dir. 2020. Why Do You Protest? Voices of Those Demonstrating in Portland. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLMFF_fycBc.

The Sentencing Project. N.d. “Criminal Justice Facts.” The Sentencing Project. Accessed September 6, 2022. https://www.sentencingproject.org/criminal-justice-facts/.

The Zinn Education Project. 2014. “The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther.” Zinn Education Project. 2014. https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/assassination-of-fred-hampton/.

Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. New York, NY: Newbery Award Records.

TIME, dir. 2020. BLM Founders | TIME100 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddZajib9Z6k.

Tinoco-Giraldo, Harold, Eva María Torrecilla Sánchez, and Francisco J. García-Peñalvo. 2021. “An Analysis of LGBTQIA+ University Students’ Perceptions about Sexual and Gender Diversity.” Sustainability 13 (21): 11786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111786.

Toews, Jason. 2021. English: A Headshot Image of Robin DiAngelo, PhD. Taken in 2021. Photo. Own work. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_DiAngelo,_PhD,_2021.jpg.

TP, teleSUR/ jc-. 2014. “2014 Freedom Ride Arrives in Ferguson Today.” August 29, 2014. https://www.telesurenglish.net//news/2014-Freedom-Ride-Arrives-in-Ferguson-Today-20140829-0032.html.

Turner, Ralph H., and Lewis M. Killian. 1957. Collective Behavior. Prentice-Hall Sociology Series. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Unite Oregon. 2022. “Unite Oregon: Organizing Across Cultures.” 2022. https://www.uniteoregon.org/.

University of Minnesota Libraries. 2016. “11.1 An Overview of Education in the United States.” In Social Problems. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. https://open.lib.umn.edu/socialproblems/chapter/11-1-an-overview-of-education-in-the-united-states/.

US CDC. 2022. “The Social-Ecological Model: A Framework for Prevention.” January 18, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/social-ecologicalmodel.html.

Vaarsi, Ryan. 2013. Rally for Trayvon Martin 24. Photo. https://www.flickr.com/photos/77799978@N00/9461666346/.

Vaughn, Courtney. 2022. “Oregonians Support Black Lives Matter, but Few Think It Has Helped.” The Newberg Graphic, March 30, 2022. https://pamplinmedia.com/nbg/142-news/539979-432517-oregonians-support-black-lives-matter-but-few-think-it-has-helped.

Wall of Moms. 2020. Photo. July 24, 2020.

Washington Post, dir. 2020. Hear from the “Wall of Moms” on the Front Lines of Portland Protests. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbrnypHWSEs.

Wells Ida B. 1892. Book Cover Southern Horrors: Lynch Law In All Its Phases. Photo. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14975/14975-h/14975-h.htm.

Whitman, Kenyon Lee, and Stephen A. Exarhos. 2020. “The New Jim Crow in Higher Education: A Critical Race Analysis of Postsecondary Policy Related to Drug Felonies.” Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity (JCSCORE) 6 (2): 33–59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48644536.

Wikipedia. 2022. “List of George Floyd Protests Outside the United States.” In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_George_Floyd_protests_outside_the_United_States&oldid=1108451729.

Wirtschafter, Valerie. 2021. “How George Floyd Changed the Online Conversation around BLM.” June 17, 2021. https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/how-george-floyd-changed-the-online-conversation-around-black-lives-matter/.

Wright, James C., Jr. 1986. Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986. Vol. H.R.5484. https://www.congress.gov/bill/99th-congress/house-bill/5484.

License

Inequality and Interdependence: Social Problems and Social Justice Copyright © by Kimberly Puttman. All Rights Reserved.

Share This Book