Image Descriptions
Description for Figure 1.3
This quote appears alongside the image of an indigenous female child:
“They also separated and isolated us from the outside world absolutely re-enforcing that as Indians, we were different, less than other people. When we left the school, we were not prepared for the outside world, the harshness and ugliness of prejudice which exists still to this day. But I believe faith in our Creator (God), made us a strong and enduring people. We will survive and we have survived. I am grateful for that.”
Dalinda (Causley) Brissette
Wa-sa-waanaa-que-bek
‘Yellow Light from the Clouds’
Description for Figure 2.5
Chart of four wide horizontal squares, each with an arrow pointing below to the next. The text includes:
Goal: Performing well on exam, Expectancy-Value; A valuable goal is required is a requirement for motivation according to this theory
Action: Studying, Expectancy-Value & Self-Efficacy; Belief that the action will produce the intended goal is a concept represented in both of these theories
Ability: Capability of studying successfully, Self-Efficacy; The added component of this theory considers whether the person believes they are capable of actually achieving the action
Motivation; Amount of motivation is determined by these factors
Description for Figure 2.6
This handwritten infographic depicts Lev Vygotsky’s face and organizes the three zones of proximal development with necessary support levels. Lev says, “What a child can do in cooperation today he can do alone tomorrow.”
The comfort zone is what someone can do now.
The learning zone is what someone can do with help.
The anxiety zone is what they can’t yet do.
Description for Figure 2.7
Four rings around a core labeled, “The Developing Child: age, sex, health, abilities, temperament.”
The first and smallest ring around the core is yellow and labeled as the Microsystem: Bidirectional influences.
The second ring is blue and labeled as the Mesosystem: Interaction of any two microsystems.
The third ring is orange and labeled as Exosystem: no further description.
The fourth ring is yellow-green and labeled as the Macrosystem: Economic and political system, dominant beliefs and ideologies.
On the opposite side of the fourth ring is Chronosystem: Dimension of time with an upwards pointing arrow and the text: Changing personal and societal conditions over the life course
These influences overlap the micro and mesosystem rings:
Local religious community points back to the core.
An arrow from local religious community points to peer group. Peer group points back to the core.
Peer group points to Neighborhood, which points back to the core.
Neighborhood points to school and home and both of these point back to the core.
These influences are listed in the exosystem ring:
Religious hierarchy and mass media point back to local religious community.
Shopping centers point back to peer group.
Transit system points back to the arrow connecting peer group and neighborhood.
Community and government agencies points back to neighborhood.
Educational system points back to school.
Parents’ workplace points back to the connection between home and school.
Parents’ friends points back to the mesosystem ring.
Description for Figure 3.3
Epigenetics and the Agouti Yellow Mouse: How the Maternal Environment Influences Disease in Offspring
A genogram of the Agouti Yellow Mouse depicts the epigenetic differences in offspring of a pregnant mouse when fed a typical diet compared to those fed a diet rich in methyl groups.
Offspring of the typical diet are yellow, obese, and prone to disease.
Offspring of the diet rich in methyl groups are brown, lean, and not prone to disease.
Description for Figure 3.4
Stages of Development (Top Row): The top section is divided into two periods: the embryonic period (first 8 weeks) and the fetal period (starting from week 9 to full term at week 38). This is indicated by different colored bars.
Embryonic Stages: From left to right, images show the zygote dividing, implanting, and developing, followed by the embryo’s major anatomical features, including the central nervous system (CNS), heart, limbs, eyes, ears, teeth, palate, and external genitalia. Each week highlights specific organs and systems that are forming.
Sensitivity to Teratogens (Bar Chart): Below the images, a bar chart indicates critical and sensitive periods for each organ system:
- Blue Bars represent periods when the organ is particularly susceptible to major morphological abnormalities if exposed to teratogens.
- Light Blue Bars show times when teratogens can cause minor morphological or functional abnormalities.
Key Stages:
- Central Nervous System (CNS) has the longest vulnerability period, starting from week 3 and continuing with varying degrees of susceptibility into the fetal period.
- Other organs, such as the heart, limbs, eyes, and ears, show critical windows early in the embryonic stage.
Color Coding: At the bottom, color codes indicate the severity of potential abnormalities due to teratogen exposure, ranging from major morphological defects to minor abnormalities and functional defects.
Description for Figure 3.7
A silhouette of a pregnant woman in profile, holding her belly. Surrounding her are thought bubbles with symbols and text. The symbols include:
A pink heart.
A green dollar sign.
A blue graduation cap.
A red question mark.
The background text is a mix of questions and statements, expressing the woman’s worries and fears about her pregnancy, such as financial stability, support, personal aspirations, and the future of the child. At the bottom right corner, the text reads: “Are you really ready… for the life you never imagined? Prepare, and Protect Your Future.”
Description for Figure 4.1
Stage 1: Dilation of labor
Left Side (Undilated Cervix): A cross-sectional view of the lower abdomen shows the baby in the uterus, surrounded by amniotic fluid. The cervix appears narrow and undilated.
Right Side (Fully Dilated Cervix): This view shows the cervix in a fully dilated state, measuring over 10 cm in diameter. The cervix is now open and ready for the baby to move into the birth canal.
The image uses arrows and labels to indicate key anatomical structures, including the cervix, vagina, and amniotic fluid within the uterus, to highlight the progression from undilated to fully dilated as labor advances.
Description for Figure 4.2
Stage 2: Birth, focusing on the sequence of events during the delivery of a baby. It is divided into four panels, showing each key step:
Presentation of Head: The first panel shows the baby’s head emerging from the birth canal, signaling the beginning of the delivery process.
Rotation and Delivery of Anterior Shoulder: In the second panel, the baby rotates slightly to allow the anterior (front) shoulder to pass through the birth canal, facilitating further delivery.
Delivery of Posterior Shoulder: The third panel shows the delivery of the posterior (back) shoulder, following the anterior shoulder’s passage.
Delivery of Lower Body and Umbilical Cord: The final panel depicts the complete delivery of the baby, including the lower body and umbilical cord.
Description for Figure 4.3
The image illustrates Stage 3: Afterbirth delivery, depicting the process of the placenta being delivered after childbirth. The image is split into two main parts:
- Illustrative Diagram (Left):
- A medical illustration of a cross-section of the female pelvis showing the uterus post-delivery.
- The placenta is highlighted, shown detaching from the uterine wall and moving down through the vagina for expulsion.
- An arrow and label indicate the pathway the placenta takes during this process, marked with the phrase “Placenta detaches and exits through vagina.”
- Photograph (Right):
- A real-life photo of a detached placenta placed in a medical tray. The placenta appears dark red and textured, showing blood and tissue details.
- The tray is light blue and situated on a medical table or surface.
An arrow between the two parts connects the illustration to the photograph.
Description for Figure 5.1
The image is titled “Persistent Stress Changes Brain Architecture” and illustrates the impact of stress on neurons in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. It is divided into two main sections labeled Normal and Toxic stress.
- Normal (Top Section):
- A diagram shows a typical neuron with many colorful dendritic branches, representing a healthy brain cell with extensive connections.
- To the right, there is a zoomed-in, grayscale micrograph of a healthy dendritic spine structure labeled “Typical neuron—many connections.” The dendrites are densely packed and well-defined, signifying healthy synaptic connections.
- Toxic Stress (Bottom Section):
- A similar diagram illustrates a neuron affected by toxic stress, depicted with fewer, sparser dendritic branches, highlighting reduced connections.
- The corresponding zoomed-in, grayscale micrograph on the right shows a damaged dendritic spine structure, labeled “Damaged neuron—fewer connections.” This image reveals fewer and less robust connections, indicating the detrimental effects of persistent stress.
Description for Figure 10.6
An illustrated diagram titled “Model of Working Memory” is a colorful representation showing various components and functions involved in the process of working memory, adapted from Cowan (2014) and Heathcote (2016). The diagram is divided into several interconnected sections, each illustrating a different aspect of working memory.
- Central Executive: Positioned at the center, highlighted in a jagged pink star shape. It includes arrows pointing outwards indicating its role in controlling various functions such as:
- Switch retrieval
- Coordination
- Impacted by age
- Rehearsal scheduling
- Task focus
- Attention and processing type (e.g., sequential and parallel)
- It connects to the broader section labeled The World, indicating interaction with external tasks and goals.
- Phonological Loop: Located to the right of the Central Executive, represented with an infinity symbol. It consists of:
- Speech-based processor (Passive Storage)
- Articulation loop (Active Subvocal Rehearsal)
- STM (Short-Term Memory): Displayed in green and centrally placed with terms such as:
- Fluid
- Capacity
- Speed
- Load
- Strategies (Intrinsic and Extrinsic)
- Visuospatial Sketchpad: Depicted at the bottom left, shown as a red-outlined square with a drawing labeled MY VSSP, representing the visual and spatial storage aspect of memory.
- Episodic Buffer: Found on the right side, outlined with dashed lines and described as the interface connecting working memory with long-term memory (LTM). Arrows highlight its role in communicating and forming logical connections, with terms like:
- Chunks
- Storage
- Long-Term Memory (LTM): To the far right, with an orange and yellow gradient background and arrows labeled Memory, connecting it to the Episodic Buffer.
- Zone of Comfort: Positioned in the upper right corner, suggesting an area within which memory processes operate more effectively.
Description for Figure 10.7
The image is a layered, concentric circle diagram representing different levels of linguistic analysis. Each ring is color-coded and labeled to indicate its role in the structure and understanding of language, starting from the most basic to the most complex. The rings and their details are as follows:
- Innermost Ring (Green):
- Labeled PHONETICS and associated with speech sounds.
- Represents the most basic level of language, focusing on the physical sounds of speech.
- Second Ring (Blue):
- Labeled PHONOLOGY, associated with phonemes.
- Indicates the study of sound systems and the way sounds function within a particular language.
- Third Ring (Purple):
- Labeled MORPHOLOGY, associated with words.
- Refers to the structure and formation of words from smaller units called morphemes.
- Fourth Ring (Red):
- Labeled SYNTAX, associated with phrases and sentences.
- Represents the set of rules that dictate the structure of sentences and the arrangement of words.
- Fifth Ring (Orange):
- Labeled SEMANTICS, associated with the literal meaning of phrases and sentences.
- Relates to the interpretation and meaning of words and combinations of words.
- Outermost Ring (Yellow):
- Labeled PRAGMATICS, associated with meaning in context of discourse.
- Encompasses how context influences the interpretation of language and its use in communication.
Description for Figure 13.2
Inductive reasoning (bottom-up reasoning): arrows point up from observation, past experience, and ideas from authority towards general conclusion.
Deductive reasoning (top-down reasoning): arrows point down from general principle towards application, hypothetical case, and logical extension.
Description for Figure 13.6
The image is an illustration of the human brain shown in a sagittal section (a side view that divides the brain into left and right parts). It labels several key anatomical structures:
- Cerebral Cortex
- Corpus Callosum
- Basal Ganglia
- Thalamus
- Amygdala
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
Description for Figure 13.7
The image is an illustration of the human brain shown in cross section. It labels several key anatomical structures:
- Striatum
- Prefrontal cortex
- Nucleus accumbens
- Meso-cortic pathway
- Meso-limbic pathway
- Nigrostriatal pathway
- VTA
- SNc
