Description for Figure 4.1, ‘Oregon Sentencing Guidelines’ showcases the detailed and complex nature of sentencing guidelines in Oregon. The grid relates seriousness of crimes (rated numerically from 1-11) to the required range of days or years of sentencing, coded here by color. While sentencing allows for judicial discretion, it is also constrained by these guidelines.

A complex chart with 13 columns and 11 rows. The Oregon Sentencing Guidelines’ chart displays the seriousness of crimes on one axis in ascending order and suggested sentences on the other. The grid showcases the detailed and complex nature of sentencing guidelines in Oregon. While sentencing allows for judicial discretion, it is also constrained by the guidelines.

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Description for Figure 4.2, In the United States, the death penalty is not applied in the same way in every state. The southern states predominantly allow executions, as does the federal government. Death penalty status varies in other regions, with some states having abolished it and others still permitting it. When people vote on propositions, referendums, and initiatives in their state, they help to decide if and how the death penalty can be used.

A map of the United States shows how death penalty status varies from state to state. States primarily in the northeast and upper midwest have no death penalty. Six states, including Oregon and California, and a pause on executions by executive action. Eleven states such as Idaho, Montana, and Louisiana have not had any executions in the last 10 years. 10 states primarily in the midwest and south such as Texas, Nebraska, and Florida have had executions in the last 10 years. There is a small inset map of the United States showing that there have been federal executions within the last 10 years.

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Description for Figure 5.7, Pavlov’s Dogs Experiment shows how behavior can be intentionally shaped over time. This example can apply to human behavior unconsciously, like when you get hungry right before your usual lunch time, as well as through deliberate conditioning such as police training.

This image illustrates Classical Conditioning as developed by Ivan Pavlov. First a dog salivates when it sees meat. This is an unconditioned response. Next a dog has no response when it hears a bell. The bell is a neural stimulus. Next, a dog salivates when it hears the bell when seeing the meat. This is also an unconditioned response to a neural stimulus. Finally a dog salivates when it hears the bell. This is the desired conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus.

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Description for Figure 5.8, The Diagram of the Stakes of Conformity outlines four factors that influence human behavior. Imagine someone experiences low attachment, low commitment, low belief, and low involvement. Would this lead toward conforming behavior or criminal behavior?

This infographic outlines four factors that influence criminal behavior or conforming behavior. The factors include:

• Attachment
• Commitment
• Belief
• Involvement

Attachment includes friends, chosen or biological family, and/or community. The absence of attachment can increase criminal behavior. The presence of attachment increases conforming behavior.

Commitment includes future, personal growth, career success, and/or personal goals. The absence of commitment can increase criminal behavior. The presence of commitment increases conforming behavior.

Belief includes honesty, morality, equity, civic duty, and/or responsibility. The absence of belief can increase criminal behavior. The presence of belief increases conforming behavior.

Involvement includes school activities, sports teams, community organizations, religious groups, and/or social clubs. The absence of involvement can lead to criminal behavior. The presence of involvement conforming behavior.

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Description for Figure 8.12, Most individuals incarcerated in correctional facilities in the United States are in state prisons for violent offenses. The other portions are there for property, drug and public order offenses. If we want to incarcerate fewer people in the U.S., where should we put our focus?

“How Many People are Locked Up in the United States?” offers a complex pie chart. The chart illustrates incarceration statistics with colorful segments. A little over half (approximately 50%) are in state prisons, about a quarter (approximately 25%) in local jails, 1/8 (approximately 12.5%) in federal prisons and jails, and the remaining portion fragmented among youth facilities and other institutions. The United States locks up more people per capita than any other nation.

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Description for Figure 8.13, In this graph showing prison population growth you’ll note that prison populations have decreased over the past decade. However, the overall population of prisoners radically increased over the past 45 years. Why do the numbers of prisoners continue to remain so high?

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