Unit Wordlist and Learning Resources
Unit Wordlist: The Digestive System
The following Terms and Concepts are important in the study of the Digestive System:
| Alimentary canal:
Accessory digestive organs:
Stomach: ruga(e)
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Small intestine:
circular fold (plica circulare)
Large intestine: Feces Flatus internal anal sphincter Rectum sigmoid colon transverse colon
Liver: common bile duct common hepatic duct hepatic lobule hepatic portal vein hepatic vein Hepatocytes portal triad
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Pancreas:
acinus main pancreatic duct
Phases of Digestion: Cephalic phase Gastric phase intestinal phase
Digestive Actions: Absorption Mechanical digestion chemical digestion Defecation Deglutition gastric emptying Ingestion Mastication mixing wave Motility peristalsis salivation segmentation
Digestive Enzymes: Aminopeptidase lingual lipase pancreatic amylase pancreatic lipase pancreatic nuclease salivary amylase
Digestive Secretions / Fluids: bile bilirubin chyme hydrochloric acid (HCl) intestinal juice pancreatic juice pepsinogen pepsin saliva
Digestive Hormones: Gastrin Motilin
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innermost lining of the alimentary canal
layer of dense connective tissue in the alimentary canal wall that binds the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis
layer of muscle in the alimentary canal wall that helps to propel digestive contents through the alimentary canal
outermost layer of the alimentary canal wall present in regions within the abdominal cavity
muscular tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach
skeletal muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the pharynx to the esophagus
smooth muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the esophagus to the stomach
(also, buccal cavity) mouth
part of the pharynx continuous with the oral cavity that functions in respiration and digestion
region of the conducting zone that forms a tube of skeletal muscle lined with respiratory epithelium; located between the nasal conchae and the esophagus and trachea
hard, calcified structures embedded in the jaws that aid mechanical digestion
accessory digestive organ of the mouth, the bulk of which is composed of skeletal muscle
mass of chewed food
one of a pair of major salivary glands located inferior and medial to the mandible
one of a pair of major salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears
accessory digestive organ that stores and concentrates bile
largest gland in the body whose main digestive function is the production of bile
organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions located posterior to the stomach that is important for digestion and the regulation of blood glucose
mid-portion of the stomach
(also, cardiac region) part of the stomach surrounding the cardiac orifice (esophageal hiatus)
dome-shaped region of the stomach above and to the left of the cardia
narrow glandular channel formed within the epithelial lining of the stomach mucosa
gastric gland cell that secretes pepsinogen
gastric gland cell that secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
gastrin-secreting enteroendocrine cell
gland in the stomach mucosal epithelium that produces gastric juice
gastric gland cell that releases hormones
protective barrier that prevents gastric juice from destroying the stomach itself
sphincter that controls stomach emptying
lower, funnel-shaped part of the stomach that is continuous with the duodenum
fold(s) of alimentary canal mucosa and submucosa in the empty stomach and other organs
(also, plica circulare) deep fold in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine
first part of the small intestine, which starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the jejunum
middle part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum
end of the small intestine between the jejunum and the large intestine
sphincter located where the small intestine joins with the large intestine
lymphatic capillary in the villi
small projection of the plasma membrane of the absorptive cells of the small intestinal mucosa
first part of the small intestine, which starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the jejunum
projection of the mucosa of the small intestine
final segment of the large intestine
first region of the colon
(vermiform appendix) coiled tube attached to the cecum
pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine
(also, crypt of Lieberkühn) gland in the small intestinal mucosa that secretes intestinal juice
part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum
(also gut microbiome)
bacteria in the large intestine that aid in digestion, vitamin production, and a variety of homeostatic roles
part of the colon between the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon
voluntary skeletal muscle sphincter in the anal canal
small pouches in the colon wall that give the colon its segmented appearance
