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Contents

  1. About this book

    1. Welcome to our Work in Progress!
    2. Accessibility Statement
    3. Equity Lens
    4. Course Learning Outcomes
    5. Pedagogical Foundations

  2. How to Navigate this Book

    1. Table of Contents
    2. Turning a Page
    3. Reading on Smaller Screens
  3. Chapter 1 Introduction to Sociology

    1. 1.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 1.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 1.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 1.3 Examining Diversity

      1. 1.3.1 Activity: Representations of Diversity at Round-Up
      2. 1.3.2 Licenses and Attributions for Examining Diversity

    3. 1.2 What Is Sociology?

      1. 1.2.1 Social Facts
      2. 1.2.2 Sociological Perspective
      3. 1.2.3 Activity: Understanding the Sociological Imagination
      4. 1.2.4 Licenses and Attributions for What Is Sociology?

    4. 1.4 Levels of Analysis: Macro Level and Micro Level

      1. 1.4.1 Structure, Institutions, and Agency
      2. 1.4.2 Licenses and Attributions for Levels of Analysis: Macro Level and Micro Level

    5. 1.5 Why Study Sociology?

      1. 1.5.1 Sociology and a Better Society
      2. 1.5.2 To Understand Everyday Experiences
      3. 1.5.3 To Connect Our Differences
      4. 1.5.4 To Prepare for the Workplace
      5. 1.5.5 Licenses and Attributions for Why Study Sociology?

    6. 1.6 Sociology’s Real-World Applications

      1. 1.6.1 Activity: Intersections of Gender, Race, and Health
      2. 1.6.2 Licenses and Attributions for Sociology’s Real-World Applications

    7. 1.7 Conclusion

      1. 1.7.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 1.7.2 Additional Resources
      3. 1.7.3 Key Terms
      4. 1.7.4 Discussion Questions
      5. 1.7.5 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      6. 1.7.6 Chapter Bibliography
  4. Chapter 2 The History of Sociology and Social Theory

    1. 2.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 2.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 2.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 2.2 History of Sociology

      1. 2.2.1 Precursors to Sociological Theory
      2. 2.2.2 Europe and the Enlightenment
      3. 2.2.3 Licenses and Attributions for History of Sociology

    3. 2.3 Creating a Discipline: European Theorists

      1. 2.3.1 Positivism and Social Science: Auguste Comte (France, 1798-1857)
      2. 2.3.2 Capitalism and Morals: Harriet Martineau (England, 1802–1876)
      3. 2.3.3 Class and Conflict: Karl Marx (Germany, 1818–1883)
      4. 2.3.4 Science and Religion: Émile Durkheim (France, 1858–1917)
      5. 2.3.5 The Protestant Ethic and Rationality: Max Weber (Germany, 1864–1920)
      6. 2.3.6 Licenses and Attributions for Creating a Discipline

    4. 2.4 Applying the Discipline: American Theorists and Practitioners

      1. 2.4.1 Race in America: W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963)
      2. 2.4.2 Meaning Making and Interaction in the City: The Chicago School of Sociology
      3. 2.4.3 Licenses and Attributions for Applying the Discipline

    5. 2.5 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

      1. 2.5.1 Structural Functionalism
      2. 2.5.2 Conflict Theory
      3. 2.5.3 Symbolic Interactionism
      4. 2.5.4 Licenses and Attributions for Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology

    6. 2.6 Social Theory Today

      1. 2.6.1 Postmodern Theory
      2. 2.6.2 Postcolonial Theory
      3. 2.6.3 Feminist Theory
      4. 2.6.4 Activity: A Closer Look at Feminism
      5. 2.6.5 Activity: A Closer Look at Intersectionality
      6. 2.6.6 Critical Theories of Race
      7. 2.6.7 Licenses and Attributions for Social Theory Today

    7. 2.7 Conclusion

      1. 2.7.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 2.7.2 Key Terms
      3. 2.7.3 Discussion Questions
      4. 2.7.4 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      5. 2.7.5 Chapter 2 Bibliography
  5. Chapter 3 Sociological Research Methods: Studying Social Life

    1. 3.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 3.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 3.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 3.2 Approaches to Sociological Research

      1. 3.2.1 Developing a Research Question and the Steps of the Scientific Method
      2. 3.2.2 Interpretive Framework
      3. 3.2.3 Grounded Theory
      4. 3.2.4 Critical Sociology
      5. 3.2.5 Licenses and Attributions for Approaches to Sociological Research

    3. 3.3 Research Methods

      1. 3.3.1 Which Method to Use? Qualitative, Quantitative, or Mixed Methodology in Social Science Research
      2. 3.3.2 Evaluating Research Methodologies
      3. 3.3.3 Licenses and Attributions for Research Methods

    4. 3.4 Social Science Research Methods

      1. 3.4.1 Surveys
      2. 3.4.2 Activity: A Closer Look at Causation and Correlation
      3. 3.4.3 Experiments
      4. 3.4.4 Ethnography (Field Research)
      5. 3.4.5 Activity: A Closer Look at Indigenous Knowledge and Decolonizing Research Methods
      6. 3.4.6 Qualitative Interviews
      7. 3.4.7 Secondary Data Analysis
      8. 3.4.8 Community-Based Research and Participatory Action Research
      9. 3.4.9 Activity: A Closer Look at Participatory Research
      10. 3.4.10 Activity: A Closer Look at Research in the Community
      11. 3.4.11 Licenses and Attributions for Social Science Research Methods

    5. 3.5 Ethics

      1. 3.5.1 ASA Code of Ethics
      2. 3.5.2 Unethical Studies
      3. 3.5.3 Activity: A Closer Look at Research Ethics
      4. 3.5.4 Licenses and Attributions for Ethics

    6. 3.6 Conclusion

      1. 3.6.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 3.6.2 Additional Resources
      3. 3.6.3 Key Terms
      4. 3.6.4 Discussion Questions
      5. 3.6.5 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      6. 3.6.6 Chapter Bibliography
  6. Chapter 4 Socialization and Interaction

    1. 4.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 4.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 4.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 4.2 Social Construction of Reality

      1. 4.2.1 Social Constructionism: The Basics
      2. 4.2.2 Constructionism and Cross-Cultural Comparisons
      3. 4.2.3 Symbolic Interactionism
      4. 4.2.4 Ethnomethodology
      5. 4.2.5 Licenses and Attributions for Social Construction of Reality

    3. 4.3 Theories of Self and Identity

      1. 4.3.1 Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development
      2. 4.3.2 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self
      3. 4.3.3 Mead and Stages of Self-Development
      4. 4.3.4 Goffman and the Presentation of Self
      5. 4.3.5 Identity Theory
      6. 4.3.6 Licenses and Attributions for Theories of Self and Identity

    4. 4.4 Sociology of Emotions

      1. 4.4.1 Emotion Work
      2. 4.4.2 Surface and Deep Acting
      3. 4.4.3 Licenses and Attributions for Sociology of Emotions

    5. 4.5 Socialization

      1. 4.5.1 Recent Developments in the Study of Socialization
      2. 4.5.2 Agents of Socialization
      3. 4.5.3 Socialization as a Life-long Process
      4. 4.5,4 Licenses and Attributions for Socialization

    6. 4.6 Conclusion

      1. 4.6.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 4.6.2 Key Terms
      3. 4.6.3 Discussion Questions
      4. 4.6.4 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      5. 4.6.5 Chapter Bibliography
  7. Chapter 5 Groups, Networks, and Organizations

    1. 5.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 5.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 5.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 5.2 Types of Groups

      1. 5.2.1 In-Groups and Out-Groups
      2. 5.2.2 Reference Groups
      3. 5.2.3 Licenses and Attributions for Types of Groups

    3. 5.3 Group Size and Structure

      1. 5.3.1 Authority and Group Leadership
      2. 5.3.2 Licenses and Attributions for Group Size and Structure

    4. 5.4 Networks

      1. 5.4.1 Understanding Social Networks
      2. 5.4.2 Activity: Networks and Finding a Job
      3. 5.4.3 Network Homophily
      4. 5.4.4 Social Capital
      5. 5.4.5 Licenses and Attributions for Networks

    5. 5.5 Organizations

      1. 5.5.1 Types of Organizations
      2. 5.5.2 For-Profit, Public, and Non-Profit Organizations
      3. 5.5.3 International Organizations
      4. 5.5.4 Organizational Structure: Bureaucracy and Collectivism
      5. 5.5.5 Organizational Isomorphism
      6. 5.5.6 Licenses and Attributions for Organizations

    6. 5.6 Conclusion

      1. 5.6.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 5.6.2 Key Terms
      3. 5.6.3 Discussion Questions
      4. 5.6.4 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      5. 5.6.5 Chapter Bibliography
  8. Chapter 6 Sociology of Culture

    1. 6.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 6.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 6.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 6.2 What Is Culture?

      1. 6.2.1 Humanities
      2. 6.2.2 Social Sciences
      3. 6.2.3 Cultural Objects
      4. 6.2.4 Licenses and Attributions for What Is Culture

    3. 6.3 Elements of Culture

      1. 6.3.1 Signs, Symbols, and Meaning
      2. 6.3.2 Values and Norms
      3. 6.3.3 Cultural Toolkits
      4. 6.3.4 Subcultures
      5. 6.3.5 Licenses and Attributions for Elements of Culture

    4. 6.4 Culture and Inequality

      1. 6.4.1 High Culture and Popular Culture
      2. 6.4.2 Cultural Capital
      3. 6.4.3 Taste Patterns
      4. 6.4.4 Boundary Drawing
      5. 6.4.5 Othering
      6. 6.4.6 Licenses and Attributions for Culture and Inequality

    5. 6.5 Conclusion

      1. 6.5.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 6.5.2 Key Terms
      3. 6.5.3 Discussion Questions
      4. 6.5.4 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      5. 6.5.5 Chapter Bibliography
  9. Chapter 7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

    1. 7.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 7.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 7.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 7.2 Deviance and Social Control

      1. 7.2.1 The Social Construction of Deviance
      2. 7.2.2 Social Control
      3. 7.2.3 Licenses and Attributions for Deviance and Social Control

    3. 7.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime

      1. 7.3.1 Historical Theories of Deviance
      2. 7.3.2 Modern Theories of Deviance
      3. 7.3.3 Licenses and Attributions for Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime

    4. 7.4 Race, Identity, and the Criminal Justice System

      1. 7.4.1 Policing and Race
      2. 7.4.2 Mass Incarceration and the New Jim Crow
      3. 7.4.3 Intersectionality of Criminal Justice Issues
      4. 7.4.4 Licenses and Attributions for Race, Identity, and the Criminal Justice System

    5. 7.5 Cross-Cultural Comparisons

      1. 7.5.1 Policing and Prison in Nordic Countries
      2. 7.5.2 Decriminalization of Drugs
      3. 7.5.3 Roots of Restorative Justice
      4. 7.5.4 Licenses and Attributions for Cross-Cultural Comparisons

    6. 7.6 Conclusion

      1. 7.6.1 hReview of Learning Objectives
      2. 7.6.2 Key Terms
      3. 7.6.3 Discussion Questions
      4. 7.6.4 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      5. 7.6.5 Chapter Bibliography
  10. Chapter 8 Social Stratification and Class

    1. 8.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 8.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 8.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 8.2 What Is Stratification?

      1. 8.2.1 Defining Stratification
      2. 8.2.2 Stratification Systems
      3. 8.2.3 Licenses and Attributions for What is Stratification

    3. 8.3 Explanations of Stratification and Class

      1. 8.3.1 Class Matters: Marx and Neo-Marxists
      2. 8.3.2 Class and Status: Weber and Neo-Weberians
      3. 8.3.3 Just Rewards: Functionalism
      4. 8.3.4 Gender and Class: Feminism
      5. 8.3.5 A Plethora of Classes: Social Mobility and Status Attainment
      6. 8.3.6 Licenses and Attributions for Explanations of Stratification and Class

    4. 8.4 Social Classes in the United States

      1. 8.4.1 Upper Class
      2. 8.4.2 Middle Class
      3. 8.4.3 The Lower Class
      4. 8.4.4 Poverty
      5. 8.4.5 Activity: Myths of Poverty
      6. 8.4.6 Licenses and Attributions for Social Classes in the United States

    5. 8.5 Conclusion

      1. 8.5.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 8.5.2 Key Terms
      3. 8.5.3 Discussion Questions
      4. 8.5.4 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      5. 8.5.5 Chapter Bibliography
  11. Chapter 9 Gender: Identities, Interactions, and Institutions

    1. 9.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 9.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 9.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 9.2 Sex, Gender, and Identity

      1. 9.2.1 Activity: Understanding the Language of Sex and Gender
      2. 9.2.2 Beyond the Binary
      3. 9.2.3 Licenses and Attributions for Sex, Gender, and Identity

    3. 9.3 Examining Interactions

      1. 9.3.1 Social Construction of Gender
      2. 9.3.2 Socialization
      3. 9.3.3 Gender Policing
      4. 9.3.4 Intersectionality
      5. 9.3.5 Activity: Intersectionality
      6. 9.3.6 Licenses and Attributions for Examining Interactions

    4. 9.4 Institutions and Inequalities

      1. 9.4.1 Activity: Gender Stratification
      2. 9.4.2 Families
      3. 9.4.3 Social Stratification in Work/Public Spheres
      4. 9.4.4 Licenses and Attributions for Institutions and Inequalities

    5. 9.5 Movements for Change: Feminism

      1. 9.5.1 First Wave: Suffrage Movement (1800s–1920s)
      2. 9.5.2 Second Wave: The Problem That Had No Name (1960s–1980s)
      3. 9.5.3 Third Wave: Centering Diverse Voices (1990s–2008)
      4. 9.5.4 Fourth Wave: #MeToo #TimesUp (2008–present)
      5. 9.5.5 Activity: Origins of the Me Too Movement
      6. 9.5.6 Licenses and Attributions for Movements for Change: Feminism

    6. 9.6 Conclusion

      1. 9.6.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 9.6.2 Additional Resources
      3. 9.6.3 Key Terms
      4. 9.6.4 Discussion Questions
      5. 9.6.5 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      6. 9.6.6 Chapter Bibliography
  12. Chapter 10 Sexuality

    1. 10.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 10.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 10.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learngin Objectives

    2. 10.2 Sexuality

      1. 10.2.1 Activity: Same Sex/Same Gender Marriage
      2. 10.2.2 Sexuality and Sexual Orientation
      3. 10.2.3 Sexual Attitudes and Practices
      4. 10.2.4 Sexuality in the US
      5. 10.2.5 Activity: Intersectional Systems of Oppression
      6. 10.2.6 Licenses and Attributions for Sexuality

    3. 10.3 Learning the “Rules” of Sexuality

      1. 10.3.1 Sexual Scripts
      2. 10.3.2 Sexual Assault and Sexual Violence
      3. 10.3.3 Activity: Understanding the Normalization of Violence
      4. 10.3.4 Orgasm Gap
      5. 10.3.5 Hookup Culture
      6. 10.3.6 Online Dating and the intersection of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
      7. 10.3.7 Activity: Intersection Systems of Oppression
      8. 10.3.8 Licenses and Attributions for Learning the “Rules” of Sexuality

    4. 10.4 Sexual Orientation and Inequality

      1. 10.4.1 Heterosexual Privilege
      2. 10.4.2 Activity: A Closer Look at Discrimination Internationally
      3. 10.4.3 Inequalities Experienced through Interactions
      4. 10.4.4 Policies and Social Institutions: Inequalities Experienced at the Structural Level
      5. 10.4.5 Activity: Intersectional Systems of Oppression
      6. 10.4.6 Licenses and Attributions for Sexual Orientation and Inequality

    5. 10.5 Conclusion

      1. 10.5.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 10.5.3 Key Terms
      3. 10.5.4 Discussion Questions
      4. 10.5.5 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      5. 10.5.6 Chapter 10 Bibliography
  13. Chapter 11 Race and Ethnicity

    1. 11.1 Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives

      1. 11.1.1 Learning Objectives
      2. 11.1.2 Licenses and Attributions for Overview

    2. 11.2 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups

      1. 11.2.1 What Is Race?
      2. 11.2.2 What Is Ethnicity?
      3. 11.2.3 What Are Minority Groups?
      4. ​11.2.4 Licenses and Attributions for Racial Ethnic and Minority Groups

    3. 11.3 Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity

      1. 11.3.1 “Science” and Social Theory
      2. 11.3.2 Emancipatory Theories
      3. 11.3.3 Critical Race Theory
      4. 11.3.4 Racial Formation Theory
      5. 11.3.5 Colorblindness/Theory of Racial Ignorance
      6. 11.3.6 Intersection Theory
      7. 11.3.7 Postcolonial Theory
      8. 11.3.8 Licenses and Attributions for Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity

    4. 11.4 Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism

      1. 11.4.1 Prejudice
      2. 11.4.2 Discrimination
      3. 11.4.3 Racism
      4. 11.4.4 Activity: Myths of Racism
      5. 11.4.5 Structural Racism and Antiracism
      6. 11.4.6 Activity: Understanding Antiracism
      7. 11.4.7 Licenses and Attributions for Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism

    5. 11.5 Race and Identities

      1. 11.5.1 Double Consciousness
      2. 11.5.2 Activity: Race and Double Consciousness: Examining Representations within Media
      3. 11.5.3 Racial Identity Development
      4. 11.5.4 Developing an Antiracist White Identity
      5. 11.5.5 Licenses and Attributions for Race and Identities

    6. 11.6 Race and Group-Level Interactions

      1. 11.6.1 Pluralism
      2. 11.6.2 Assimilation
      3. 11.6.3 Amalgamation
      4. 11.6.4 Genocide
      5. 11.6.5 Expulsion
      6. 11.6.6 Segregation
      7. 11.6.7 Activity: Race and Interactions
      8. 11.6.8 Licenses and Attributions for Race and Group-Level Interactions

    7. 11.7 Race and Organizations/Structures

      1. 11.7.1 Racialized Organizations
      2. 11.7.2 Institutionalized Racism
      3. 11.7.3 Activity: Racial Tensions in the United States
      4. 11.7.4 Licenses and Attributions for Race and Organizations/Structures

    8. 11.8 Conclusion

      1. 11.8.1 Review of Learning Objectives
      2. 11.8.2 Additional Resources
      3. 11.8.3 Key Terms
      4. 11.8.4 Discussion Questions
      5. 11.8.5 Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
      6. 11.8.6 Chapter Bibliography

  14. About the Publisher