Preface

Now, going into my last year in undergrad and looking into graduate school for programs in counseling specifically designed for children and families, I would like to thank Liz for allowing me to be a part of this project. It has been one of the best experiences so far in my academic career. I think that, at first, it doesn’t really make sense as to why I would be so passionate about something like this project, but I’ll explain. All I have ever wanted is to see myself reflected in the things that I partake in, part of that being academic materials. As a Latinx woman and daughter of immigrants, I have never really gotten that, and it can truly take a toll on the way you view yourself and your people.

Because of the privilege I have of being able to make it into higher ed and be a part of this project, I wanted to use that to write about people like me, my parents, and my family so that more children don’t see themselves as an “other,” a little section of the text that no one really goes over. Things haven’t been and aren’t fair for those who identify as immigrants, but people like me have been a part of the United States before this land was even named, and we are here to stay. It’s time for our stories to be told, too. Here, I’d like to explain several of the laws that affect not just families like mine but, tangentially, all families in the United States.

The Legal Process

“Just come here legally” is one of my most disliked phrases for immigrants because the process to do so is not as easy as the general public thinks. Immigrants, just like everyone else, seek to move because where they currently are isn’t providing them what is needed to succeed. Unlike here in the United States, they cannot just move from one state to another to seek out those opportunities, as they do not exist there either. Instead, they need to leave the country. Some people have the time and money needed to try and apply for a visa or have a family member who is a United States citizen or legal permanent resident (LPR) sponsor them to become an LPR and are able to come to the United States that way.

Immigrating can take anywhere from 6 to 28 years and will cost anywhere from $750 to $1,225 per person (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2020). Many people will not be able to afford this route, and it is even worse for others if their current situation is more urgent and they don’t have time to wait. The chart pictured in figure 11.9 is so complicated that it can’t be reproduced legibly in this textbook! Be sure to click here to view a larger, readable version. If legal immigration was easy, accessible, and fast, it’s very unlikely that people wouldn’t risk their lives entering and living in the United States without documentation.

Next, let’s look at two important programs that affect immigrant families.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) is a policy created under the Obama administration on June 15, 2012. Individuals who meet the following criteria are eligible for DACA:

• Are under 31 years of age as of June 15, 2012.
• Came to the United States while under the age of 16.
• Have continuously resided in the United States from June 15, 2007, to the present.
• Entered the United States without inspection or fell out of lawful visa status before June 15, 2012.
• Were physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of making the request for consideration of DACA with USCIS.
• Are currently in school, have graduated from high school, have obtained a GED, or have been honorably discharged from the Coast Guard or armed forces.
• Have not been convicted of a felony offense, a significant misdemeanor, or more than three misdemeanors of any kind.
• Do not pose a threat to national security or public safety.

Applicants have to provide evidence of the above criteria. In addition, every applicant must complete and pass a biographic and biometric background check. An applicant who is granted DACA is not considered to have legal status but will not be deemed to be accruing unlawful presence in the United States during the time period when their DACA is in effect. DACA allows individuals to live in the United States without fear of deportation and with work authorization. DACA is temporary as it only lasts two years; every two years, the individual will need to reapply, which means submitting an application, getting biometrics done, and paying a fee of $495.

At its peak, there were up to about 800,000 people who were DACA recipients, but those numbers dramatically declined during the Trump Administration due to fear of what would happen to the DACA program. The number of people on DACA now is closer to 600,000 total.

DACA has been on the line since Donald Trump took the presidency, having DACA recipients live in limbo, unsure of what their future would look like. Even after waiting years for the Supreme Court to make a decision on DACA during this presidency, that decision is not being respected. The Supreme Court decided in July 2020 that Donald Trump’s decision to rescind DACA was made without the proper steps. Because of this decision, DACA should have been restored to its original form, open to new applicants and advance parole, with a special permit for international travel available to current recipients—but the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has declared that they will reject all initial DACA requests who have not previously been granted DACA. It also eliminates the possibility of DACA recipients being granted advance parole. Requests for renewal were changed from a two-year period to a one-year period (National Immigration Law Center, 2020). Not even the highest courts have been able to protect these young people.

Here is one of many stories from the National Immigration Law Center’s website (National Immigration Law Center, n.d.). This website offers many resources for immigrants. In addition, it contains valuable resources for educators and others who are working with immigrant families.

DREAM Act

The federal Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act was first proposed in 2001 by a bipartisan team of senators and has been reintroduced multiple times, but it has not passed. This bill would protect DREAMers from deportation and give them an opportunity to obtain legal status if they meet certain requirements. This is what most DREAMers (young undocumented immigrants) are fighting for (National Immigration Forum, 2017).

The DREAM Act would create a conditional permanent resident status valid for up to eight years for young undocumented immigrants that would protect them from deportation, allow them to work legally in the United States, and permit them to travel outside the country. To qualify for conditional permanent resident status, young undocumented immigrants would need to meet the following requirements (U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2020):

• Through documentation described in the bill, establish that they were brought to the United States at age 17 or younger and have lived continuously in the United States for at least four years prior to the bill’s enactment;
• Pass a government background check, demonstrate “good moral character” with no felony or multiple misdemeanor convictions, submit biometric and biographic data, and undergo a biometric and medical exam;
• Demonstrate they have been admitted to a college or university, have earned a high school diploma, or are in the process of earning a high school diploma or an equivalent; and
• Pay a fee.

The bill would automatically grant conditional permanent resident status to DACA recipients who still meet the requirements needed to obtain DACA. Conditional permanent resident status can be changed to lawful permanent resident status by:

• Maintaining continuous residence in the United States;
• Meeting one of the following three requirements:

• Completion of at least two years of military service,
• Graduation from a college or university or completion of at least two years of a bachelor’s or higher degree program in the United States or
• Employment for a period totaling at least three years;

• Demonstrating an ability to read, write, and speak English and an understanding of American history, principles, and form of government;
• Passing a government background check, continuing to demonstrate “good moral character” without felony or multiple misdemeanor convictions, submitting biometric and biographic data and undergoing a biometric and medical exam; and
• Paying a fee.

It is devastating to acknowledge the number of people, many of them asylum seekers, who are held at the border by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), as shown in figure 11.10.

Comprehension Self Check

Licenses and Attributions for Real Laws, Real Families

Open Content, Original

“Real Laws, Real Families” by Carla Medel. License: CC BY 4.0.

All Rights Reserved Content

“In Focus: DACA, A Personal Account” is from “Esmeralda” © National Immigration Law Center. License: Fair Use.

Figure 11.9. “What Part of Legal Immigration Don’t You Understand?:The Legal Process” © Terry Colon, Mike Flynn, and Shikha Dalmia, Reason Magazine and Reason.com. Used with permission.

Figure 11.10. “Rest in Power” © @unitedwedream. Arranged by Carla Medel. License: Fair Use.

References

National Immigration Law Center. Immigrant Legal Resource Center. (2020, August). DACA frequently asked questions. DHS July 2020 memorandum. https://www.ilrc.org/sites/default/files/resources/nilc_ilrc_daca_faq_august_2020.pdf

National Immigration Law Center. (n.d.) Stories in defense of deferred action for childhood arrivals. https://www.nilc.org/issues/daca/daca-fifth-anniversary-stories/

National Immigration Forum. (2017, July 21). DREAM Act of 2017 bill summary. https://immigrationforum.org/article/dream-act-2017-bill-summary/

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2020, August 12). Green card eligibility categories. Retrieved September 20, 2020, from https://www.uscis.gov/green-card/green-card-eligibility-categories

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2020, May 15). I-485, Application to register permanent residence or adjust status. Retrieved September 20, 2020, from https://www.uscis.gov/i-485