"

2.8 References

Advance Local Media, MLive. (2009, June 18). Detroit retakes nations’s top homicide rate after error systematic under-reporting by police. https://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/2009/06/detroit_retakes_nations_top_ho.html

Associated Press and USA Today, (2019, December 28). Report: 2019 records 41 mass killings in United States. https://tucson.com/news/national/report-2019-records-41-mass-killings-in-united-states/article_b7cdaedd-1481-59f8-80e2-c66579cd1720.html

Belluck, P. (2001, Apr 11). Detroit police cast wide net over homicide ‘witnesses’. New York Times.

Callahan, M. (2019, August 13). The story behind the data on mass murder in the United States. Northeastern University.

DiLulio, J. (1995, November 27). The coming of the super-predators. Washington Examiner. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-coming-of-the-super-predators

Everytown for Gun Safety. (2019, November 21). Ten years of mass shootings in the United States, An everytown for gun safety support fund analysis. https://everystat.org/massshootingsreports/mass-shootings-in-america-2009-2019/#:~:text=In%20the%20decade%20between%202009%20and%202018%2C%201%2C121%20Americans%20were,officers%20killed%20and%2023%20wounded.

Fazlollah, M. (2001, April 27). Detroit police admit rape arrest stats were wrong. Women’s eNews. https://womensenews.org/2001/04/detroit-police-admit-rape-arrest-stats-were-wrong/

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2017). 2017 Crime Clock Statistics. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2017/crime-in-the-u.s.-2017/topic-pages/crime-clock

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2022a). Crime Data Explorer. https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2022b). Law enforcement officers killed and assaulted. https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ucr/leoka

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2022c). National Incident-Based Reporting System. https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ucr/nibrs

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2022d). National Use-of-Force Data Collection. https://www.fbi.gov/services/cjis/ucr/use-of-force

Follman, M., Aronsen, G, & Pan, D. (2020, February 26). US Mass Shootings, 1982–2020: Data from Mother Jones’ Investigation. Mother Jones.

Gun Violence Archive. (n.d.). http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/

Hanson, E. J. (2022, May 24). NIBRS participation rates and federal crime data quality. Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN11936

Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E. & Patrick, M. E. (2019, January). Monitoring the future, National survey results on drug use 1975-2018. https://monitoringthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/mtf-overview2018.pdf

Mass Shooting Tracker. (n.d.). https://massshootingtracker.site/

National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Statistics. https://ncadv.org/STATISTICS

Smart, R. & Schell, T. L. (2021, April 15). Mass shootings in the United States. RAND’s Gun Policy in America. https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/essays/mass-shootings.html

Stanford University Libraries. (n.d.). Mass shootings in America. https://library.stanford.edu/projects/mass-shootings-america

U.S. Department of Justice. (2018). Ten-year arrest trends (Table 32). Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018/topic-pages/tables/table-32

Violence Prevention Project. (n.d.). Mass public shootings in the United States, 1966-present. https://www.theviolenceproject.org/mass-shooter-database/

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Introduction to Criminology: An Equity Lens Copyright © by Jessica René Peterson and Taryn VanderPyl is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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