Chapter 20: Taking Notes in Class

Paolo Freire’s banking model metaphor for the model of education refers to students as empty receptacles to be filled with knowledge. In place of the banking model, you should find opportunities to practice active learning such as organizing knowledge or asking questions. Being engaged beyond the traditional lecture and critically interpreting new information will help in your own learning. If you come to class prepared to discuss what you know and what you need to learn, you will engage in active learning and connect in long-term learning about a topic beyond seeking information. Participating in class requires practice.

Take Notes To Remember

If for no other reason, you should take notes during class so that you do not forget valuable and important information. There are proven benefits of taking notes. “Note-taking facilitates both recall of factual material and the synthesis and application of new knowledge, particularly when notes are reviewed prior to exams.”^[1]

As you may recall from The Basics of Study Skills chapter, Hermann Ebbinghaus studied the rate of forgetting and formulated his “forgetting curve” theory. The curve shows that after one month, only 20 percent of information is retained after initial memorization. Without review, 47 percent of learned information is lost after only 20 minutes. After one day, 62 percent of learned information is lost without review.

In order to try to retain information long term, we must move it from our short-term memory to our long-term memory. One of the best ways to do that is through retrieval practice, which is a strategy to recall information learned previously. The format can be free-recall, quizzes with -key terms, -definitions,-matching, -fill-in-the-blanks, -short answers, -multiple choice questions, and -concept maps. This works better for long-term learning than re-reading. The more we review information, and the sooner we review once we initially learn it, the more reinforced that information is in our long-term memory.

The first step in being able to review is to take notes when you are originally learning the information. Students who do not take notes in class in the first place will not be able to recall all of the information covered in order to best review.

Taking notes during lectures is a skill, just like riding a bike. If you have never taken notes while someone else is speaking before, it’s important to know that you will not be an expert at it right away. It is challenging to listen to someone speak and then make a note about what they said, while at the same time continuing to listen to their next thought. Taking notes longhand while processing information and rewording has advantages over laptops and verbatim notes.

When learning to ride a bike, everyone is going to fall. With practice and concentration, we gain confidence and improve our skill. The more we practice, the better we get. In his book Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell refers to the “10,000-hour rule.” Based on research by Anders Ericsson, the rule states that 10,000 hours of dedicated practice in your particular field will allow for the greatest potential of mastery. I do not expect you to practice taking notes for 10,000 hours, but the point is that practice, just like many things, is necessary to become more skilled^[2].

Some instructors will give you cues to let you know something is important. If you hear or see one of these cues, it’s something you should write down. This might include an instructor saying, “this is important” or “this will be covered on the exam.” If you notice an instructor giving multiple examples, repeating information or spending a lot of time with one idea, these may be cues. Writing on the board or presenting a handout or visual information may also be a cue.

There are many different ways to take notes during lectures and I encourage you to find the way that works best for you. Different systems work best for different people. Experiment in different ways to find the most success.

Tips for Taking Notes During the Lecture

Arrive early and find a good seat. Seats in the front and center are best for being able to see and hear information. A seat at the 50-yard line for a soccer game is more expensive for a reason: it gives the spectator the greatest experience.

Do not try to write down everything the instructor talks about. It’s impossible and inefficient. Instead, try to listen intently for signposts for significant moments such as “I will discuss three main ways in which” or “I will move on to another topic.” This is also a skill that students can improve upon. You may wish to ask your instructor during office hours or section if you have identified the main topics in your notes or compare and share your notes with your classmates. If using digital tools such as Google Docs, class notes are editable, searchable, shareable, and accessible and can facilitate collaborative note-taking.

Use shorthand and/or abbreviations. So long as you will be able to decipher what you are writing, the least amount of pen or pencil strokes, the better. Try to do so during pauses. It will free you up so you can pay more attention to the lecture and help you be able to determine what is most important.

Write down what your instructor writes. Anything typed on a slideshow, handwritten on a dry erase board, chalkboard, or overhead projector, and graphics are cues for important information.

Leave space to add information to your notes. You can use this space during or after lectures to elaborate on ideas, ask questions, show connections, and make predictions.

Do not write in complete sentences. Do not worry about spelling or punctuation. Getting the important information, concepts and main ideas is much more important. You can always revise your notes later and correct spelling.

Often, the most important information is delivered at the beginning and/or the end of a lecture. Many students arrive late or pack up their belongings and mentally check out a few minutes before the lecture ends. They are missing out on the opportunity to write down valuable information. Keep taking notes until the lecture is complete. Keep notes in one place so as not to lose them. Pro tip: Add the lecture date, title, and page numbers to your notes.

Taking Notes in Online Classes

Even when the lectures are recorded, taking notes improves information retention. Try to handwrite notes to avoid clicking between your class and your notes. You can type them later. Transcripts and close captioning of the recording may be available to follow along at the same time. Even if you do not speak in class, you can participate by actively listening. Try not to mute yourself or turn your camera off.

Taking Notes in Asynchronous Classes (Recording)

If you have access to lecture slides or notes, you can use them to guide your listening and take notes during the lecture. Try to watch recorded lectures all the way through the first time without interruption. Watch at the regular speed. You can take notes as you normally would. You can note the timestamp for important topics to replay.

The Cornell System

One way of taking notes in class is using the Cornell System. Created in the 1950s by Walter Pauk at Cornell University, the Cornell System is still widely used today. Done by hand, the Cornell Method involves drawing a line down the edge of your paper and devoting one side to taking notes, the other to include questions, and a summary

The note-taking area is for you to use to record notes during lectures.

Students use the column on the left to create questions after the lecture has ended. The questions are based on the material covered. Think of it as a way to quiz yourself. The notes you took should answer the questions you create.

Tips for after the lecture

Consolidate notes as soon as possible after the lecture has ended. Identify the main ideas and underline or highlight them.

Test yourself by looking only at the questions on the left. If you can provide most of the information on the notes side without looking at it, you’re in good shape. If you cannot, keep studying until you improve your retention. Review periodically as needed to keep the information fresh in your mind.

Students use the bottom area for summarizing information. Practice summarizing information — it’s a great study skill. It allows you to determine how information fits together. It should be written in your own words (don’t use the chapter summary in the textbook to write your summary, but check the chapter summary after you write yours for accuracy).

The Outline Method

The Outline Method involves writing down information using bullet points, numbers, letters, or arrows to indicate a new idea. You write bullet points for each idea and organize them with major headings and related subpoints. Outlines can help students separate main ideas from supporting details and show how one topic connects to another.

Mind Maps

Visual learners may want to experiment with mind maps (also called clustering). Invented by Tony Buzan in the 1960s, it’s another way of organizing information during lectures. Start with a central idea in the center of the paper (landscape is recommended). Using branches (like a tree), supporting ideas can supplement the main idea. Recall everything you can as the lecture is happening. Reorganization can be done later. Perform a web search for mind maps for note-taking.

Review

Metacognition is important to assess your own learning and sources of information. The most important aspect of reviewing your notes, questions, and summaries is when your review takes place in relation to when your notes were taken. For maximum efficiency and retention of memory, it’s best to review notes within 10 minutes, 24 hours, and 7 days of learning it. It is important to have adequate review time and to give your brain a break. Reviewing shortly after the lecture will allow you to best highlight or underline main points as well as fill in any missing portions of your notes. Reviewing notes, questions, and summaries for 2-4 minutes during days 7-30 will retain 90-100%. Students who take lecture notes on a Monday and then review them for the first time a week later often have challenges recalling information that help make the notes coherent.

If you wish to go “above and beyond,” you may consider discussing your notes in a study group with your classmates, which can give you a different perspective on main points and deepen your understanding of the material. You may also want to make flashcards for yourself with vocabulary terms, formulas, important dates, people, places, etc. Online flash cards are another option. Students can make them for free and test themselves online or on their phone.

The Big Picture

Keep in mind that students who know what their instructor is going to lecture on before the lecture are at an advantage. Why? Because the more they understand about what the instructor will be talking about, the easier it is to take notes. How? Take a look at the syllabus before the lecture. It won’t take much time but it can make a world of difference. You will also be more prepared and be able to see important connections if you read your assigned reading before the lecture. It’s not easy to do, but students that do it will be rewarded. If I have read information assigned before the lecture and know what the lecture will be about, I have best prepared myself for taking notes during the lecture and given myself the greatest potential for understanding relationships between the reading material and the lecture.