As an alternative to centralized money issue, communities are exploring their own money issuing strategies.  There are several types of local currency systems, and we will describe a couple of the most common ones’ general characteristics and institutional structures below. One source that outlines the extent to which currency experimentation has grown during the era of neoliberalism is described by the 2012 International Journal of Community Currency Research Special Issue titled “Thirty Years of Community Currencies: A Review of Impacts, Potential and Challenges.”  This edition contains papers from a two-day academic conference that included scholars from several academic disciplines.  Scholars in economics, history, geography, law, sociology, anthropology, and political science, etc. presented research from those disciplines individually and through interdisciplinary methodologies as well. In addition to the diversity of academic perspectives community currencies are attracting, they are also covering diverse political and geographic terrains across the planet.  More than 20 different countries were represented at this conference.

One reason that such a diverse set of tools is necessary for studying community currencies is that if the Metallist’s story of money is false, then the price mechanism or the invisible hand is not an adequate means of determining value.  In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde tells us that; “Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing.”  Community currencies are projects that work to allow communities to assign values to activities and goods that central currency schemes are not pricing properly.  As such, these activities are experiments.  These experiments are guided by general philosophies, such as solidarity and reciprocity. Their philosophies influence goals and the purpose of currency creation, examples include community stability, intergenerational relationship building, and strengthening of territory or stimulating economic activity.  From these general goals, communities create real jobs: to promote sustainable production, support the elderly, women’s programs, and other civically oriented tasks not being met by the market of fiscal sectors of the economy.[1]  Thus, when value is reintroduced into a discussion about the economy, the limited toolset available under real analysis is replaced by a diversity of methodologies from several academic disciplines.

In an effort to organize the analysis of this diverse and growing collection of money systems, three categories of local currency systems have been suggested.[2]  The first of these are local currencies are territorial projects.  These projects are typically defined by geographic boundaries and are designed to strengthen the area’s resilience or development.  Second, community currencies are projects developed to address a specific community need.  Such needs are usually determined by a group of local actors attempting to emphasize increased wellbeing, empowerment of a repressed group, or support environmental health. The third type is a complementary currency.  Complementary currencies are designed to support an economic objective. These systems are generally designed with regard to market principles and work to support activities between production and exchange of goods and services.  These types of currency systems are not mutually exclusive in their characteristics.  In fact, many take on objectives and characteristics that draw from multiple currency types.  One such currency system is the Red del Traque (RT) of Argentina.

Ecologists developed the RT currency system.  In this ecological model, the wellbeing of women and families was a primary objective.  To accomplish their objective, markets or ‘nodos’ were set up in economically depressed neighborhoods. These markets used the RT currency system to organize labor efforts and create household stability by encouraging self-production, reducing waste, promoting the resale of household items, providing social welfare labor, and helping to distribute unsold surpluses in local businesses through new trade outlets.[3] Thus, from this description, we could classify the RT in all three of the suggested category types. It is a community currency based on its primary objective.  It can also be described as a complementary currency as it facilitated market exchanges, and it targeted particular territories based on economic need, territorial.

By creating a local currency system, many Argentinians who had been abandoned by the peso economy were provided an opportunity to contribute to social activity and find some economic stability.  In a sense, Argentinians were able to solve Keynes’s elasticity problem.  There was a shortage of money in their communities, so they found a creative, socially driven solution to solve the shortage. This local currency system effectively organized available resources and produced outputs that were deemed valuable to the community.

To conclude, money takes on very different roles in our economic system based on the methodology applied to study economic activity.  If it is simply the medium of exchange, then the coordination of inputs to produce outputs is the role of individual firms.  However, when money is observed in its historical and institutional setting, business enterprises need money to initiate those coordinating functions, as we see in Marx’s circuit of money capital. Given this central role in all economic activity, the task of economists and other scholars is to help society create laws and institutions such that money is available to initiate productive value-generating activities because merely assessing value through profits appears to be a woefully inadequate approach.

Endnotes