Image Descriptions
Image description for Figure 2.4
This diagram represents the Uniform Crime Reports Program and all of its data collections. A dark blue oval in the center includes the words, Uniform Crime Reports Program. Six light blue ovals branch out from the center oval including:
National Use-of-Force Data Collection
Summary Reporting System (SRS)
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA)
Hate Crime Statistics Program
Law Enforcement Suicide Data Collection
The Summary Reporting System (SRS) oval has a yellow square branching off from it that says Part I and Part II. This is the old traditional reporting system that has been retired and part I and II represent the old way of categorizing crimes. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) oval has a yellow square branching off from it that says Group A & B. This represents the newer reporting system that is updated and includes more crime categories. Both are included in the diagram because older data in the UCR will likely come from the SRS and NIBRS data shows up as the program began transitioning.
Image description for Figure 2.5
This image represents the crime categories included in both the Summary Reporting System (SRS) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) of the Uniform Crime Reports Program (UCR). On the left side is the SRS broken up into two parts; Part I and Part II. Part I consists of:
- Criminal homicide
- Rape
- Robbery
- Aggravated assault
- Burglary (breaking or entering)
- Larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft
- Motor vehicle theft
- Arson
- Human Trafficking, commercial sex acts
- Human Trafficking, involuntary servitude
Part II consists of:
- Other assaults (simple
- Forgery and counterfeiting
- Fraud
- Embezzlement
- Stolen property: buying, receiving, possessing
- Vandalism
- Weapons: carrying, possessing, etc
- Prostitution and commercialized vice
- Sex offenses (except rape, prostitution, and commercialized vice
- Drug abuse violations
- Gambling
- Offenses against the family and children
- Driving under the influence
- Liquor laws
- Drunkenness
- Disorderly conduct
- Vagrancy
- All other offenses
- Suspicion
- Curfew and loitering laws (persons under age 18)
On the right side is the NIBRS broken up into two parts; Group A and Group B. Group A consists of:
- Arson
- Assault Offenses – aggravated, simple, intimidation
- Bribery
- Burglary/Breaking & Entering
- Counterfeiting/Forgery
- Destruction/Damage/Vandalism of property
- Drug/narcotic offenses & drug equipment violations
- Embezzlement
- Extortion/blackmail
- Fraud offenses (wire fraud, welfare fraud, impersonation, credit card fraud, false pretenses, etc.)
- Gambling offenses – betting/wagering, operating/promoting/assisting gambling, gambling equipment violations, sports tampering
- Homicide offenses – murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, negligent manslaughter, justifiable homicide
- Human Trafficking – commercial sex acts, involuntary servitude
- Kidnapping/abduction
- Larceny/theft offenses – pocket-picking, purse-snatching, shoplifting, theft from building/coin-operated machine/motor vehicle, theft of motor vehicle parts/accessories, other larceny, etc.
- Motor vehicle theft
- Pornography/obscene material
- Prostitution or assisting/promoting prostitution
- Robbery
- Sex offenses (forcible) – forcible rape, forcible sodomy, sexual assault with an object, forcible fondling
- Sex offenses (nonforcible) – nonforcible incest, nonforcible statutory rape
- Stolen Property offenses
- Weapon law violations
Group B consists of:
- Bad checks
- Curfew/loitering/vagrancy violations
- Disorderly conduct
- Driving under the influence
- Drunkenness
- Family offenses, nonviolent
- Liquor law violations
- Peeping Tom
- Runaway (only before 2011)
- Trespass of real property
- All other offenses
At the bottom of the graphic are the sources for this information:
https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/offense-definitions
https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/offensea_offenseb.pdf [PDF]
Image description for Figure 2.6
This image is a map of the United States, titled “National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Participation Status” and dated April 2022. It shows the participation status of each state in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. The map uses two shades of blue to differentiate between states that have fully transitioned to NIBRS and those that have not.
- Darker Blue: Represents states that have fully transitioned to NIBRS. There are 19 states in this category, including California, Texas, Florida, and New York.
- Lighter Blue: Represents states that have not fully transitioned to NIBRS. There are 31 states in this category, including Washington, Colorado, Illinois, and Pennsylvania.
Additionally, there are labels for other outlying areas including:
- American Samoa
- Guam (NIBRS Certified)
- Puerto Rico
- U.S. Virgin Islands
The map also highlights states that provide direct contributions to NIBRS with asterisks, including:
- Alabama
- Washington, DC
- Illinois
- Maryland
This map provides a visual representation of the current status of NIBRS participation across the United States and its territories.
The list below includes all states that have either fully or not fully transitioned to NIBRSas of April 2022.
Dark Blue (Fully Transitioned to NIBRS)
- Alaska (AK)
- Arkansas (AR)
- Colorado (CO)
- Connecticut (CT)
- Delaware (DE)
- Florida (FL)
- Idaho (ID)
- Iowa (IA)
- Kentucky (KY)
- Maine (ME)
- Michigan (MI)
- Nebraska (NE)
- North Dakota (ND)
- South Carolina (SC)
- South Dakota (SD)
- Tennessee (TN)
- Texas (TX)
- Virginia (VA)
- Wisconsin (WI)
Light Blue (Not Fully Transitioned to NIBRS)
- Alabama (AL)
- Arizona (AZ)
- California (CA)
- Georgia (GA)
- Hawaii (HI)
- Illinois (IL)
- Indiana (IN)
- Kansas (KS)
- Louisiana (LA)
- Maryland (MD)
- Massachusetts (MA)
- Minnesota (MN)
- Mississippi (MS)
- Missouri (MO)
- Montana (MT)
- Nevada (NV)
- New Hampshire (NH)
- New Jersey (NJ)
- New Mexico (NM)
- New York (NY)
- North Carolina (NC)
- Ohio (OH)
- Oklahoma (OK)
- Oregon (OR)
- Pennsylvania (PA)
- Rhode Island (RI)
- Utah (UT)
- Vermont (VT)
- Washington (WA)
- West Virginia (WV)
- Wyoming (WY)
Image description for Figure 3.15
On the left a flow chart for “Classical School” has three boxes branching out from it that say deterrence theory, rational choice theory, and routine activities theory. On the right a flow chart for “Positivist School” has three boxes branching out from it that say biological theories, psychological theories, and biosocial theories.
Below there is a header for “Classical School of Criminology”
Key theorists: Cesare Beccaria, Jeremy Bentham, Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson
Key concepts: rationality, choice, free will, deterrence
Key theories: deterrence theory, rational choice theory, routine activity theory
Image description for Figure 4.12
This image depicts Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a psychological theory proposed by Abraham Maslow. The hierarchy is represented as a pyramid with five levels, each corresponding to different human needs.
- Physiological Needs (base of the pyramid): The most basic human needs, including food, water, warmth, and rest.
- Safety Needs: The second level, encompassing the need for security and safety.
- Belongingness and Love Needs: The middle tier, which includes intimate relationships and friendships.
- Esteem Needs: The fourth level, involving the need for prestige and a feeling of accomplishment.
- Self-Actualization (top of the pyramid): The highest level, representing the need to achieve one’s full potential and engage in creative activities.
The pyramid is divided into three broad categories: Basic Needs (Physiological and Safety Needs), Psychological Needs (Belongingness and Love Needs, and Esteem Needs), and Self-Fulfillment Needs (Self-Actualization). Each level must be fulfilled before progressing to the higher levels.
Image description for Figure 5.10
This image illustrates “The Concentric Zone Model,” which visually represents the spatial organization of urban areas. The model features five concentric circles, each representing a different zone in a city, from the innermost to the outermost.
- Central Business District (innermost zone): The core of the urban area, typically characterized by high-density commercial activity.
- Transitional Zone: Surrounding the central business district, this area includes recent immigrant groups, deteriorated housing, factories, and abandoned buildings.
- Working Class Zone: This zone consists of single-family tenements and is primarily residential.
- Residential Zone: A suburban area with single-family homes, yards, and garages.
- Commuter Zone (outermost zone): The outermost ring, representing the suburbs, where people commute into the city for work.
Each zone is labeled with its name and key characteristics, providing a clear understanding of the urban structure according to this model.
Image description for Figure 7.4
A bar graph that shows the number of offenders by age categories according to 2021 data from the FBI’s National Incident-Based Reporting System. The age categories start from 10 and under to 6 and over, with the number of offenders ranging from approximately 50,000 to nearly 1,200,000. The graph illustrates the “age-crime curve” as the number of offenders peaks between the ages of 26 and 30 years.
Image description for Figure 7.7
This image depicts common major milestones across an individual’s life course using a series of icons arranged in a flowchart format. The icons, enclosed in blue circles, are interconnected by blue triangular arrows indicating the sequence of life stages.
- Infancy: The first icon shows a baby, representing birth and early childhood.
- School: The second icon depicts a lunch sack and apple, symbolizing early education
- Heartbreak: The third icon displays a broken heart in a speech bubble, signifying emotional challenges or relationship breakups.
- College education: The fourth icon depicts a graduation cap, symbolizing the completion of formal education.
- Marriage: The fifth icon features a pair of wedding rings, indicating marriage or a significant romantic relationship.
- Death: The final icon is a tombstone, representing the end of life.
These icons collectively illustrate some typical stages and significant events that many people might experience throughout their lives and that might be relevant to the onset or desistence of criminal behavior.
Image description for Figure 8.7
This image is a visual representation of the concept and framework of intersectionality. It is structured as a multi-layered circle with the innermost circle labeled “Unique Circumstances of Power, Privilege, and Identity.” Surrounding this central concept are various factors that contribute to an individual’s identity, including income, social status, housing situation, class background, disability, spirituality, geographic location, life experience, family status, gender, skin color, work history, refugee status, experience of racialization, citizenship, occupation, sexuality, HIV status, education, age, religion, caste, and indigeneity.
The outermost layer of the circle contains broader social and systemic forces that influence these identity factors, including globalization, capitalism, war, colonization, social forces, historical forces, the immigration system, the education system, the economy, the legal system, and politics. Interwoven throughout this layer are various forms of discrimination and oppression such as racism, discrimination, heterosexism, sexism, classism, ethnocentrism, transphobia, ageism, homophobia, and ableism.
The image is sourced from the Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women (CRIAW-ICREF) and can be found at the following link: CRIAW-ICREF Toolkit [Website]. The CRIAW-ICREF logo is present in the top right corner of the image.
