Image Description for Figure 1.5

A line chart shows moderate or severe food insecurity for both women and men in different regions of the world from 2015 to 2020. The lines are often close, but women are always more food insecure than men. Throughout the world, food insecurity has risen for both women and men (from around 20% in 2015 to over 30% for women in 2020). The two lines diverge the most for Latin America and the Caribbean, where food insecurity went from approximately 25% in 2015 to over 40% in 2020. Food insecurity rates for both men and women are highest in Africa (almost 60% for both men and women in 2020) and lowest in North America (between 10 and 15% in 2020).

Data source: State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021, prepared by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO.

Attribution

This simplified version created by Michaela Willi Hooper and Kimberly Puttman and licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

Return to Figure 1.5

Image Description for Figure 1.14

The six steps of claimsmaking defined and organized in a circle: 1) Claimsmaking: People make claims that there is a social problem, with certain characteristics, causes, and solutions. 2) Media Coverage: Media…report on claimsmakers so that news of the claims reaches a broader audience. 3) Public Reaction: Public opinion focuses on the social problem identified by the claimsmakers. 4) Policymaking: Lawmakers and others with the power to set policies to create new ways to address the problem. 5) Social Problems Work: Agencies implement the new policies, including calls for further changes. 6) Policy Outcomes: There are various responses to the new arrangements.

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Image Description for Figure 1.15

Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. In the front row, from left are: Whitney M. Young, Jr., Executive Director of the National Urban League; Roy Wilkins, Executive Secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, American Federation of Labor (AFL), and a former vice president of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO); Walter P. Reuther, President, United Auto Workers Union; and Arnold Aronson, Secretary of the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights. Aug. 28, 1963.

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Image Description for Figure 2.3

The social identity wheel has common characteristics in the middle that remain stable including, national origin, race/ethnicity, mental/physical ability, sexual orientation, age, gender, gender identity or expression. The characteristics on the outside can change over time like, work experience, education, appearance, religion, income, language and communication skills, organizational role, family, and political belief.

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Image Description for Figure 2.10

Six disabled people of color smile and pose in front of a concrete wall. Five people stand in the back, with the Black woman in the center holding up a chalkboard sign reading “disabled and here.” A South Asian person in a wheelchair sits in front.

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Image Description for Figure 2.11

Overview

A multicolored wheel that visualizes an individual’s or group’s relationship to power and privilege. From a center that says power, two intersecting lines with arrows at each end point outwards and are labeled marginalization. There are 16 slices or segments in the wheel. Each segment represents categories of identities or social locations. Social locations near the center of the wheel experience more power. Social locations near the edge of the wheel experience more oppression and are more marginalized. Gray words outside the circle indicate forms of oppression and discrimination directed at people with those social identities.

Please keep in mind that as we try to describe the relationships between socially constructed power and identity, the categories we use can be imprecise, overlapping, and unstable.

Category descriptions and social identities/locations

• Race/Ethnicity: Black and Indigenous People of Color are the most marginalized identities, white passing is in the middle, and white is closest to the center of power. Racism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Skin color: Dark is the most marginalized identity, medium shades in the middle, and white closest to the center of power. Colorism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Indigeneity: Indigenous is the most marginalized identity, and Settlers are closest to the center of power. Colonialism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Citizenship: Undocumented is the most marginalized, documented non-citizen is in the middle, and citizen is closest to the center of power. Nativism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Language: Non-English speaking is the most marginalized identity, English speaking is in the middle, and native English is closest to the center of power. Xenophobia is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Geography: Rural/inner city is the most marginalized identity, suburb is in the middle, and city is closest to the center of power. Classism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Social class: Poor/working poor is the most marginalized identity, middle class is in the middle, and wealthy is closest to the center of power. Classism also affects people in this category.
• Housing status: Houseless is the most marginalized identity, sheltered/renting is in the middle, and property owner is closest to the center of power. Classism also affects people in this category.
• Education: Elementary education is the most marginalized identity, high school is in the middle, and college or university is closest to the center of power. Credentialism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Neurodiversity: Significant neurodivergence is the most marginalized identity, some neurodivergence is in the middle, and neurotypical is closest to the center of power. Ableism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Physical and mental health: Vulnerable is the most marginalized identity, mostly stable is in the middle, and robust is closest to the center of power. Ableism also affects people in this category.
• Ability: Severe disability is the most marginalized identity, mild disability is in the middle, and able-bodied is closest to the center of power. Ableism also affects people in this category.
• Body size: Overweight or obese is the most marginalized identity, average is in the middle, and slim is closest to the center of power. Sizeism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Gender identity: Trans/intersex/nonbinary is the most marginalized, cisgender women are in the middle, and cisgender men are closest to the center of power. Sexism and cisgenderism are forms of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Sexual orientation: Lesbian, bi, pan/asexual are the most marginalized identities, gay men are in the middle, and straight is closest to the center of power. Heterosexism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Marital Status: Single/nonmonogamous are the most marginalized identities, engaged/partnered are in the middle, and married is closest to the center of power. Heterosexism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.

Attribution

Based on the work of Patricia Hill Collins, Kimberlé Crenshaw and Allan Johnson, and the visual images of Sylvia Duckworth and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. This version designed by Kimberly Puttman, Michaela Willi Hooper, and Lauren Antrosiglio, Open Oregon Educational Resources, CC BY 4.0.

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Image Description for Figure 2.16

A flower-like visualization with a semi-opaque circle in the middle. Rainbow-colored ovals radiate from the middle like petals. These overlap with the oval on either side and with the circle in the middle. Each oval has one of the following social identities written in it:

• Nationality
• First Language
• Religion
• Ability
• Neurodiversity
• Health
• Body size
• Age
• Sex
• Gender
• Sexuality
• Race
• Culture
• Ethnicity
• Socioeconomic Status (SES)
• Geography

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Image Description for Figure 3.7

A drawing comparing a medium-skinned Mexican American woman and white woman wearing the same clothes and makeup, but being described very differently. A tear is rolling down the Mexican American woman’s cheek. Words and phrases used to describe the Mexican American woman include: From the hood, too Mexican, trashy, ghetto, broke, thug, ugly, rachet. Words and phrases used to describe the white woman dressed in the same way include: Pretty, nice, lovely, stylish, neat, fire, cute, fashion, adorable.

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Image Description for Figure 3.12

The center line includes events and movements such as the invention of the printing press (1440), the first steam engine patent (1698), the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), the Civil War (1861-1865), the invention of the telephone (1876), the launch of the Ford Model T (1908), World War I (1914-1918), the 19th amendment (1920), and the Great Depression (1929-1939). On either side are boxes with information about the thinkers, some of whom have headshots next to their information. Harriet Martineau [a woman with light skin, brown hair, and a half smile] lived from 1802-1867 and was British. She developed sociological methods, studied the status of women, and wrote the book Society in America (1837). Karl Marx [in a black and white photo with a large white beard] lived from 1818-1883 and was German. He developed the idea of class consciousness and wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 with Frederich Engels. Emile Durkheim lived from 1858-1917 and was French. He developed the ideas of anomie and collective consciousness and wrote Le Suicide in 1897. Anna Julia Cooper [a woman with dark skin and hair looking directly at the camera] lived from 1858-1963 and was American. She is considered the founder of black feminism and wrote A Voice from the South: By a Black Woman of the South (1892). Jane Addams [a painting of a serious woman with light skin and a dark bun] lived from 1860-1935 and was an American social reformer. She founded Hull House and wrote Hull House Papers and Maps (1893). Ida B. Wells [a smiling woman with dark skin and coiffed dark hair] lived from 1862-1931 and was American. She exposed lynching as white supremacy and wrote Southern Horrors: Lynching Law in All Its Phases (1892). Max Weber lived from 1864 to 1920 and was German. He studied bureaucracy and the impact of values. He wrote The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1905). W.E.B. Du Bois lived from 1868-1963 and was American. He developed the ideas of double consciousness and the veil. He wrote the Souls of Black Folks in 1903. Eugene Kinckle Jones [shown as a young man with medium skin and a mustache] lived from 1885-1954 and was American. He was a leader of the national urban league, an advocate for black communities, and an anti-segregation activist.

Attribution

At the bottom of the image is a CC BY 4.0 Creative Commons license and a note that the image was designed by Michaela Willi Hooper and Kim Puttman.

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Image Description for Figure 3.14

The infographic, titled “The Proportion of Freemen and Slaves Among American Negroes” shows the percentage of free slaves from 1790 to 1870: 1790, 8%; 1800, 11%; 1810, 13.5%; 1820, 13%; 1830, 14%; 1840, 13%; 1850, 12%; 1860, 11%; 1870, 100%.

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Image Description for Figure 3.15

The center line includes events and movements such as World War II (1939-1945), the Civil Rights Movement (1945-1968), the Vietnam War (1955-1975), the Stonewall Riots (1969), Personal Computers (1977), Second Wave Feminism (1960s-1980s), September 11, 2001 attacks, #MeToo (2006), and #BlackLivesMatter (2013).

On either side are boxes with information about the thinkers, some of whom have headshots next to their information.

Peter Bergman (1929-2017) and Thomas Luckmann (1927-2016) developed the idea of social constructivism and wrote The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (1966).

C Wright Mills (1916-1962) is pictured as a serious man with light skin and glasses looking down. His key idea was the sociological imagination, and he wrote The Power Elite (1956).

Joe Feagin’s (1938- ) key idea is systemic racism. He wrote Systemic Racism: A Theory of Oppression (2006). He has light skin, wears glasses, has white hair, and smiles.

Angela Davis was born in 1944. She is pictured as a smiling woman with light curly hair and dark skin. She studied the prison industrial complex and queer rights. She wrote Women, Race, and Class (1981) and was part of the abolitionist feminist movement.

Gloria E. Anzaldua (a smiling woman with medium skin, dark, short hair and large earrings) lived from 1942-2004. She developed the ideas of la frontera and new tribalism. She wrote Borderlands (1987).

Patricia Hill Collins was born in 1948. She is pictured as a woman with dark skin and curly, short, white hair speaking passionately into a microphone. She developed the concepts of interlocking oppressions and the matrix of domination. She wrote Black Feminist Thought (1990) and was part of the intersectionality movement.

Judith Butler was born in 1956. They are pictured as a person with short, light hair and skin staring directly at the camera. They developed the ideas that gender is socially constructed and queer theory. They wrote Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990).

Gregory Cajete (1952-) stands in front of red rock and has dark skin. He wrote Native Science: Natural Laws of Interdependence (2000).

Attribution

At the bottom of the image are attributions for the photos that were used. The infographic was compiled by Kimberly Puttman and is All Rights Reserved at the request of one of the copyright holders.

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Image Description for Figure 3.23

A person’s lifespan is represented by an arrow with a child at one end and a gravestone at the other. In the middle of several concentric circles is a family welcoming a new baby. Extended family interactions are represented by an older person talking to an adult, and an adult talking to a teenager. In the next set of circles, there are other interpersonal interactions, such as between a boss and employee and a teacher and student. In the outer circle are symbols representing major religions. Arrows indicate that these circles interact with one another.

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Image Description for Figure 4.2

A circle of arrows around the words Scientific Process.

The top arrow says Identify a Social Issue or Find a Research Topic and Ask a Question. This points to the next arrow, which says review existing literature and sources. Build a broad understanding of work previously conducted, identify gaps in understanding of the topic, and position your own research to build on prior knowledge. The next arrow says Formulate a Hypothesis: What are the general causes of the phenomenon you’re wondering about? The next arrow says Select a Research Method and Design a Study: Select a research method appropriate to answer your question. Typically, your research question influences the method you will use. The next arrow says Collect data: Collect information on the topic using the research design. The next arrow says Analyze data: Organize and analyze the data after it is collected. If the analysis does or does not support the hypothesis, discuss implications for theory or policy. From here there is an arrow that goes back to Select a Research Method that says Based on findings, what new questions do you have? How can these new questions help develop future projects? Another arrow from Analyze Data continues the circle and says Report Findings: Share results at conferences and in academic journals. Before the conclusions of a study are widely accepted, the studies are often repeated. New research questions may emerge to inspire more research projects. This arrow points back to the top arrow where we started.

Attribution

There is also an attribution statement saying this image is CC BY 4.0 and created by Jennifer Puentes and Michaela Willi Hooper.

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Image Description for Figure 4.5

The infographic shows six colored boxes on top of an arrow that guides through the steps outlined in the boxes. The boxes are:

1) Find a topic: What do you want to learn more about?

2) Design study: What do you ask? Who do you ask?

3) Collect data: What themes emerge? How should the interviews change?

4) Code data: How can the information best be categorized?

5) Analyze literature: How do other scientists understand or explain the social behavior?

6) Evaluate theory: Does it effectively explain or predict the social behavior?

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Image Description for Figure 4.11

A line chart shows moderate or severe food insecurity for both women and men in different regions of the world from 2015 to 2020. The lines are often close, but women are always more food insecure than men. Throughout the world, food insecurity has risen for both women and men (from around 20% in 2015 to over 30% for women in 2020). The two lines diverge the most for Latin America and the Caribbean, where food insecurity went from approximately 25% in 2015 to over 40% in 2020. Food insecurity rates for both men and women are highest in Africa (almost 60% for both men and women in 2020) and lowest in North America (between 10 and 15% in 2020).

Data source: State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021, prepared by FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO.

Attribution

This simplified version created by Michaela Willi Hooper and Kimberly Puttman and licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

Return to Figure 4.11

Image Description for Figure 4.12

Overview

A line chart shows the share of individuals in global regions that have daily food intake that is insufficient to provide the amount of dietary energy required to maintain a normal, active, and healthy life. Between 2001 and 2020, all regions started high, dipped down between 2013 and 2019, and then rose in recent years.

• Sub-Saharan Africa consistently had the highest percentage of people who are undernourished. It was over 25% in 2001, dipped below 20% between 2010 and 2019, and is just over 20% in 2020.
• The South Asia line is just below Sub-Saharan Africa. It peaked just above 20% in 2004, declined to under 15%, and then spiked back up over 20% in 2018.
• The World line is below South Asia. It began just below 15% and in 2021 sat just below 10%.
• Latin America and the Caribbean was just above 10% in 2001. It dipped to almost 5% in 2014 and then began to steadily rise.

Access full data

Our World in Data provides a sortable table with data for all countries and regions, including the prevalence of undernourishment (% of the population) in 2001 and 2020, the absolute change, and the relative change.

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Image Description for Figure 5.4

In a crowded kitchen, three people are signing to each other. Someone with glasses and a pierced right ear has their back to the camera. A woman with long hair is holding a red cup in the center, looking at a man to her left who has a short beard and glasses. All of their hands are blurred, suggesting they are moving their fingers very quickly.

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Image Description for Figure 5.5

A chart lists the percentages that Black Deaf, Black Hearing, White Deaf, and White Hearing people attain a high school diploma/GED, some college, an Associates Degree, a Bachelor’s Degree, Master’s Degree, and a PH.D., J.D. or M.D. The overall educational attainment is highest by those who are white and hearing. The lowest attainment is by those who are Black and deaf. The differences between attainment among White deaf and Black hearing people is minimal.

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Image Description for Figure 5.8

Categories of neurodiversity often overlap with each other including these examples, 1) Dyscalculia: innovative thinking and verbal skills shares creativity with, 2) Dyslexia: visual thinking, 3D mechanic skills shares authenticity with, 3) ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder): creativity, energy and passion shares hyper-focus with, 4) Tourette Syndrome: observational skills, cognitive control, creativity and shares innovative thinking with, 5) Acquired Neurodiversity: adaptability, empathy and shares resilience with, 6) Mental Health: depth of thinking, expression and shares sensory awareness with, 7) Autism: concentration, fine detail processing and shares memory with, 8) DCD/Dyspraxia: empathy, intuition and shares verbal skills with Dyscalculia.

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Image Description for Figure 5.9

A heading on a note reads, “I like being Autistic because:” and is surrounded by brightly colored doodles of a yellow light bulb and a pink brain with a red heart inside. The next part of the note reads, ” The same parts of my brain that disable me, also allow me to develop multi-disciplinary talents. Nevermind savantism; I have many skills which I attribute to the exact same aspects of my neurology that handicap me. Disability is nothing to be ashamed of and the spectrum is rife with ability too!”

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Image Description for Figure 5.16

Overview

The chart shows the percentage distribution of students in each racial/ethnic group by % of that racial/ethnic group in the school, 2018-19 school year. The overwhelming majority of students who tend to share racial/ethnic background with their classmates are White and the least majority is those of two or more races, Pacific Islander, Asian American, and American Indian/Native American.

Data table

Percentage distribution of students in each racial/ethnic group, by % of that racial/ethnic group in the school, 2018-19 school year

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Image Description for Figure 5.18

The illustration presents three similar but different images. The first is “Equality” and shows 3 people of different heights, each standing on the same size box in an attempt to look over a fence to view a baseball game. Only 2 of the people can see over the fence. The second image is “Equity” and shows the same 3 people, only this time the tall person has no box to stand on but can still see over the fence, the person of medium height is standing on one box and can see over the fence. The shortest person is standing on 2 boxes and can finally see over the fence. The third image is “Equity for all” and adds a fourth person to the group sitting in a wheelchair. This time the solid wood fence has been swapped out for a chain link fence and all four of the people can see the game.

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Image Description for Figure 5.19

A graph compares employment for people with various levels of education. Overall, educational attainment correlates with less unemployment and higher hourly earnings. That is, the more education people tend to have, the less likely they are to be unemployed and the more money they are likely to make in their jobs. 9.2% of people without a high school diploma are unemployed, and when employed, their average hourly earnings are $15.52. 7% of people with a high school diploma are unemployed, and when employed, their average hourly earnings are $19.74. 6.3% of people with come college (but no degree) are unemployed, and when employed, their average hourly earnings are $21.93. 5.2% of people with a two-year college degree are unemployed, and when employed, their average hourly earnings are $23.45. 3.5% of people with a four-year degree or higher are unemployed, and when employed, their average hourly earnings are $35.89.

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Image Description for Figure 5.20

A flow chart shows how individual characteristics relate to income, financial decision-making, and ultimately wealth. The individual characteristics include cognitive ability, non-cognitive traits (“grit”), socio-economic status, education itself, and education by-products (educated spouse, inventive to become financially savvy).

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Image Description for Figure 5.25

A detailed graph compares access to technology between rural, suburban, and urban Americans by comparing the percentage of U.S. adults who say they have or own different types of technology.

A set of four line graphs display percentages represented by light blue lines for suburban respondents, gray lines for urban respondents, and dark blue lines for rural respondents. Above each graph, dark text shows a different item U.S. adults claim to own.

According to the graphs, the following percentages own home broadband: 79 percent of suburban respondents, 77 percent of urban respondents, and 72 percent of rural respondents.

The following percentages own a smartphone: 84 percent of suburban respondents, 89 percent of urban respondents, and 80 percent of rural respondents.

The following percentages own a tablet: 54 percent of suburban respondents, 55 percent of urban respondents, and 44 percent of rural respondents.

The following percentages own a desktop/laptop computer: 78 percent of suburban respondents, 80 percent of urban respondents, and 72 percent of rural respondents.

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Image Description for Figure 5.26

The interdependent solution includes federal and state government
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Image Description for Figure 6.3

This resource is a graphic novel, which looks like a comic book. Each page has images and text with a cartoonish background.

Page 1: Homelessness: Grace Wins Haven, a Case Study by Harris.

Page 2: 9 photos show a brown and white dog resting outside; piles of folded clothes and blankets; people moving amongst racks of clothes; a refinished bathroom; two smiling adults; a row of lockers with signs posted on them; a woman smiling at desk doing paperwork; shelves of boxed food; and people standing outside a building with a couch for resting.

Page 3: A Q&A with Traci Flowers, Executive Director of Grace Wins Haven.

Harris: Where did you get the idea to start a day resource shelter?

Traci: I applied for a position at the Portland Rescue Mission and was one of the two finalists. I had life experience and the other applicant had a college degree. I didn’t want the position if I wasn’t the clear choice, so I took myself out of the running for the job. I felt that God told me,” I didn’t give you part of Portland, I gave you all of Newport.” I then proceeded to open Grace wins Haven Day Resource Center, which serves clients ranging from toddlers all the way to people in their 80’s and 90’s.

Harris: What is your vision for Grace Wins Haven?

Traci: My Visions for Grace wins Haven is to offer compassion, love and a hand up to facilitate change in the lives of the houseless. I would like to start either a shelter or a tiny house program where people can live while working on goals.

Harris: How did you start Grace Wins Haven?

Traci: My mother owned the House of Bargains Thrift store, and when it closed, the building was available for Grace Wins Haven. I started fund raising, a Facebook page, and talked with churches and the community about the shelter.

Harris: What services does Grace Wins Haven provide clients?

Traci: Currently we help our clients obtain a job, sign up for disability services, get their record expunged, and create goals to promote a more successful future. We offer our clients a smile and provide showers, laundry facilities, food, and connections to other agencies. We take the time to converse with our clients about their lives. We want our clients to feel safe and valued.

Harris: What are your main challenges?

Traci: Our main challenge is not enough funding. On an average, we feed 50 individuals daily, (about 100 different individuals a week) costing around $1,000 a week to supply food for our clients.

Page 4: A photo collage under the heading, “Houselessness goes beyond the individual.”

A person in a leather jacket and a hooded sweatshirt sits outside on a sidewalk, bent forward, head down, beside a travel bag with a pink scarf folded on top. A white car parked in an alley has belongings across the dashboard. Two tents on an urban sidewalk are covered in tarps. A set of tarps along a sidewalk provide shelter in front of a travel trailer.

Page 5: Q&A with Traci Flowers, Executive Director of Grace Wins Haven, continued.

Harris: How do you see houselessness going beyond the individual?

Traci: Our street is lined with cars that provide shelter to many people. The scene is familiar with ones in other cities, along with tents under bridges and along the road, and campers parked along the street with belongings spilling out of them. Due to the Camping Ordinance (Ordinance No. 2198), that the Newport, Oregon, City Council adopted on October 3rd, 2022 (Lipp, 2022), businesses may start seeing people or even entire camps outside doors, which makes both the businesses and unhoused individuals uncomfortable.

Harris: What emotional toll does houselessness have you seen on clients?

Traci: During the Covid pandemic, we saw a lot of paranoia and anxiety. Clients wondered who would take care of them if they became sick, which created overwhelming panic. The emotional impact of the Covid pandemic is still impacting our clients. Our clients exhibit anger, anxiety, hurt and sadness. We have a service dog, Tank, who provides comfort for our clients. I have witnessed clients who are near manic calm down and regulate after spending time with Tank.

Page 6: Homelessness results from a conflict of values: City council, government, neighbors, and businesses.

Page 7: Q&A with Traci Flowers, Executive Director of Grace Wins Haven, continued.

Harris: How do you see houselessness as a conflict of values?

Traci: Grace wins Haven is near the high school, an industrial and business area and private residence. Some of our neighbors and nearby businesses don’t want the shelter or houseless individuals in their neighborhood

The new Camping Ordinance is an example of a conflict in values. The City Council is made up of a wide range of representation and the basis of the Camping Ordinance is fair. However, the city had to include parameters that many of the council members did not agree with but were legally bound by the government to include. Some members of City Council went against their own values in passing the Camping Ordinance.

It is common for houseless individuals who are female, to go against their morals just to survive. They feel that they need to have a male in their life to provide safety, which leads sex trafficking (exchanging sex for someone to watch out for them) and a focus on finding a male to be in relationship with.

Page 7: Inequalities in regards to houselessness: Social location. A person with a hat, beard, and suspenders sits in the driver seat of a car with the windows down. The person is using an electric oxygen tank and reading a book. A thought bubble above the person asks, “Where am I going to plug my oxygen tank at night?”

Page 8: Q&A with Traci Flowers, Executive Director of Grace Wins Haven, continued.

Harris: Previously mentioned the Camping Ordinance (Ordinance No. 2198) that the Newport, Oregon, City Council adopted on October 3rd 2022. What inequality have arisen due to the Camping Ordinance?

Traci: There is language in the new Camping Ordinance that refers to walking distance of service, but in that term, lies inequality. The walking difference varies depending on the social location of ability, whether one is in a wheelchair or walker or has trouble walking. The new Camping Ordinance prohibits people from camping within 200 feet of houseless services, which is a life-or-death problem for one of our clients, a 76 year old gentleman, (the picture on the previous page), who plugs his oxygen tank into Grace Wins Haven at night. Due to his need to plug his oxygen in at night, he is more impacted by houselessness than other populations and unfortunately, his disability does not hit a high enough mark to qualify for Senior Services.

Harris: What other inequalities in regards to intersectionality, have you witnessed?

Traci: Clients with past felony records, existing health issues and families with children who have disabilities, also face inequality in regards to being houseless. An 89 year old client is going to be evicted, even though she has lived in her house for over 20 years. The person she was renting from passed away and the house is being sold. Even though there are many organizations and programs available, including the Turn Key program (a Lincoln City shelter program), applicants have to fall within certain categories to be eligible for services. Unfortunately, our 89-year-old client does not qualify for any of the services.

Our clients face many inequalities and jobs are difficult to obtain without identification, an address, clean clothes, a shower, a place to store their belongings, or transportation. For example:

• A client is living in a tent in woods and the nearest services or programs are located in Salem, Albany, or Corvallis. The client does not have a car for transportation.
• One youth, who was in his 20s, found employment at a local fast food restaurant. Since he did not have a place to store his belongings, he stashed them in the bushes, where they were stolen while he was working. He ended up missing work while he was trying to find his items, resulting in termination of employment.
• One client, who lived in her house for 40 years, became houseless when her spouse died and she was not able to afford housing.
• A mom and her son, who has autism, have unstable housing. The son was bullied in school due to his disability, so his mother unenrolled him from school.
• A gentleman, who was a felon 25 years ago, cannot secure housing even though he has not had any more marks on his record.

Some of our clients experience poverty, substance abuse disorder, poor mental health and have medical conditions. It is difficult for individuals after they have a heart attack or stroke, to pay rent and keep current on bills. A lack of education makes it difficult for them to fill out medical paperwork, causing a barrier to obtaining medical help.

Page 9: Houselessness is socially constructed but real in its consequences: rent expenses, low wages, competitive housing market, and inflation.

Page 10: Q&A with Traci Flowers, Executive Director of Grace Wins Haven, continued.

Harris: How do you see houselessness as socially constructed, but real in its consequences?

Traci: Many of our clients are unhoused due to an increase in rent, or even a small increase in income, causing them to no longer qualifying for Section 8, resulting in a lack of housing in their price range. Many rentals require the applicant to earn three times their rent and deposits on utilities, which could add up to $6,000, just to move into a rental, which is not possible on a limited income.

Low-paying jobs, inflation and a competitive housing market also add to the difficulty in securing housing.

Page 11: What can be done: Interdependence. A college of 9 images includes a series of resources working together to help the houseless meet basic needs. A building titled Newport Head Start Center; A logo for Safe Families for Children, A Program of Hearts with a Mission; the exterior of an apartment building; Grocery Outlet; a sticker for Grace Wins Haven; the outside of a storage facility; logo for Samaritan House; City Hall; Community Services Consortium: Helping People, Changing Live.

Page 11: Q&A with Traci Flowers, Executive Director of Grace Wins Haven, continued.

Harris: How do you see organizations working together to wrap around our houseless population?

Traci: In proximity to Grace Wins Haven is Head Start, the Food Bank, and the Avery Building, which houses unemployment services, food stamps, Community Services Consortium and vocational rehab. The organizations collaborate with each other to create a safety net for Newport’s unhoused population. Due to the close proximity of the organizations, an able-bodied unhoused person is able to walk between the support services. We connect clients with services at the Avery building, the Food Bank, and Head Start if they have children who meet the Head Start requirements. If unhoused people initially go to the other organizations, the organizations connect the unhoused individuals with Grace Wins Haven. The Samaritan House Shelter, Safe Families, Grocery Outlet, the City of Newport, LCSD Help Program, churches and other organizations work together to provide support for the houseless population in Lincoln City.

Harris: How can people donate to the shelter?

Traci: We accept checks, donations through Facebook, and our website, Gracewinshaven.org has a place for PayPal donations.

Page 12: Bibliography

Newport adopts camping ordinance (website)

Flowers, Traci. Interview. Conducted by harris. October 20, 2022.

Attribution

Pictures taken at Grace Wins Haven are used in this project with permission.

Return to Figure 6.3

Image Description for Figure 6.7

A seven-column table is shown. The column on the left lists five categories of students in a study: No needs (“Secure”); Food insecure, housing insecure, or homeless (“Insecure”); Food and housing insecure; Housing insecure and homeless; Food insecure and housing. According to the next two columns, at a two-year college, 14,965 or 30 percent of students fit in the first category; 34,111 or 70 percent fit in the second category; 19,021 or 39 percent fit in the third category; 7,846 or 16 percent fit in the fourth category; and 6,485 or 13 percent fit in the fifth category. At a four-year college, 10,179 students or 39 percent fit in the first category; 15,861 or 61 percent fit in the second; 7,723 or 30 percent fit in the third; 2,917 or 11 percent fit in the fourth; and 2,394 or 9 percent fit in the fifth. Overall, 25,144 students in the study, or 33 percent, are “Secure.” 49,972 students, or 67 percent, are “Insecure.” 26,744 students, or 36 percent overall, are food and housing insecure; 10,763 or 14 percent are food insecure and homeless; and 8,879 or 12 percent are “food insecure and housing.”

Return to Figure 6.7

Image Description for Figure 6.11

A line graph is shown. The header reads “Share of aggregate income held by U.S. middle class has plunged since 1970.” The subheading reads: “% of aggregate household income held by lower-, middle-, and upper-income households.” On a line graph, a tan line representing middle income households, descends from 62% in 1970 to 42% in 2020. A dark green line representing upper income households ascends from 29% in 1970 to 50% in 2020. A light blue line representing lower income households descends slightly from 10% in 1970 to 8% in 2020.

Return to Figure 6.11

Image Description for Figure 6.18

The chart of 3 columns contains 3 categories: 1) Racist policies (laws and policies), 2) racial inequities (impact and consequences, 3) Racist ideas (rationalization). To demonstrate that racist policies and ideas sustain racial inequities, arrows are used across the columns to show what components reinforce this racist system.

• Slavery policies are legal from the 1600s to 1863, leading to enslavement of generations of Black people, which leads to ideas including, savage culture, pagan values, immoral souls, intellectually less, aesthetically inferior, needing direction and saving, shiftless and aimless, unworthy
• Those same racist ideas lead to policies including, de facto policies of segregation of free Black people in the North during the 1830s
• The de facto policies lead to impoverished conditions, drop in property values in impoverished segregated neighborhoods, leading to racist ideas that “black people make property rates go down” which inspires de facto policies, i.e. block busting as creatively shown in the film Raisin in the Sun, wrong side of town
• These racist ideas lead to racist policies like 1930s federally sanctioned redlining, racist conditions, covenants, and restrictions (CC&R’s), exploitive credit and lending policies
• These racist policies lead to lower home values, reduced services, increased poverty, lost generational wealth which leads to racist ideas, driving, walking, or jogging “while Black,” unconditional compliance with police expectation, and preconceived notion about criminality
• These racist ideas lead to racist policies like, racial profiling, increased policing, gentrification
• These racist policies lead to Black people over-represented in housing insecurity statistics, and criminal justice system and Black people have less access to capital to build generational wealth leading back to racist ideas

Return to Figure 6.18

Image Description for Figure 6.20

A black and white photograph shows two male-presenting, dark skin-toned people sitting on the stoop of the National Association of Real Estate Boards holding protest signs. A third male-presenting person with a lighter skin tone stands talking to a police officer.

Return to Figure 6.20

Image Description for Figure 7.2

Line chart from the US Census Bureau shows age at first marriage.This dipped down from 26 for men and 22 for women in 1890 to about 20 for women and 22 for men in the 1950s and ‘60s. The lines then rise quickly to 2020, when there is again a slight dip downwards. In 2022, the median age of first marriage was about 30 for men and 28 for women.

Source: US Census Bureau, Decennial Census, 1890-1940, and Current Population Survey, Annual Economics Supplements, 1947-2022. Note: Starting in 2019, estimates for marriage now include same-sex married couples.

Return to Figure 7.2

Image Description for Figure 7.3

A color-coded map of the world shows the availability of marriage for same-sex partners in 2023. Same-sex marriage is legal in North America, Brazil, Australia, South America, New Zealand, Chile, Argentina, several other Latin American countries, and Western Europe. Civil unions or other partnerships are recognized in China, Bolivia, Italy, Greece, and several smaller Eastern European countries. Only foreign same-sex marriages are recognized in Namibia, Nepal, Israel, and several small eastern European countries. Unrecognized cohabitation is available in Poland, India, and Slovakia. In Japan and Cambodia, recognition varies by region. Same-sex relationships are unrecognized in North Korea, much of the Caribbean and Pacific islands, Central America, Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. They are banned or not legal in Russia, Indonesia, and throughout much of Africa, the Near and Middle East, and some small Latin American countries.

If you would like to see specific data for any country, please refer to the Same Sex Marriage Country Table at Our World in Data.

Return to Figure 7.3

Image Description for Figure 7.5

A bar chart shows that the number of people living in multigenerational households (represented in millions) increased steadily from around 15 million in 1971 to 60 million in 2021.

Notes

Data are represented in ten year intervals. Multigenerational households include at least two generations of adults mainly 25 and older or grandparents and grandchildren younger than 25.

Data source

“Financial Issues Top the List of Reasons U.S. Adults Live in Multigenerational Homes,” Pew Research Center analysis of Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) data files for 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021(IPUMS).

Attribution

Design by Michaela Willi Hooper and Elizabeth Pearce, Open Oregon Educational Resources, CC BY 4.0.

Return to Figure 7.5

Image Description for Figure 7.6

Bar chart visualizing the data in the following table:

Notes: Data regarding cohabitation are not available for 1960 and 1980. In those years, children with cohabiting parents are included under “single parent.”

Data source: Pew Research Center analysis of 1960 and 1980 Decennial Census and 2014 American Community Survey (IPUMS). https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/12/17/1-the-american-family-today/

Attribution

Designed by Elizabeth Pearce and Michaela Willi Hooper, Open Oregon Educational Resources, CC BY 4.0.

Return to Figure 7.6

Image Description for Figure 7.14

Summary

Latino is the term for people whose ancestors came from Latin America, including Central and South America, Brazil, and some of the Caribbean islands. It is represented by an image of the western hemisphere with Latin America highlighted (see next section for details).

Hispanic is the term for Native speakers of Spanish, which includes people from Spain but not people from countries like Brazil.

Countries that are Latino, Hispanic, or Both

Only Latino

• Brazil
• French Guiana
• Guadeloupe
• Martinique
• Saint Barthélemy
• Saint Martin

Only Hispanic

• Spain

Both Latino and Hispanic

• Argentina
• Bolivia
• Chile
• Colombia
• Costa Rica
• Cuba
• Dominican Republic
• Ecuador
• El Salvador
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Panama
• Paraguay
• Peru
• Puerto Rico
• Uruguay
• Venezuela

Attribution

Latino vs. Hispanic Infographic by Kim Puttman and Michaela Willi Hooper is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Map image: “Latin America (orthographic projection)” by Heraldry is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.

Return to Figure 7.14

Image Description for Figure 7.15

This infographic shows the immigration statuses that a mixed-status family can experience.

In order from left to right the boxes are:

• Undocumented/out of status
• Non-Immigrant Visa (Student, Scholars, Students, Tourists)
• Asylee/Refugee DACA Temporary Protected Status
• US Citizen Immigrant Visa (Permanent Resident/Green Card)

Below the boxes is a continuum arrow.

People move from Fewer Protections/More Risk to More Protections/Lower Risk

Return to Figure 7.15

Image Description for Figure 7.17

Opponents of illegal immigration are fond of telling foreigners to “get in line” before coming to work in America. But what does that line actually look like, and how many years (or decades) does it take to get through? Try it yourself with this text description of the flowchart!

Start: A person stands at a door that says USA and looks confused.

Do you have family in the U.S.?

• If yes, proceed to Is your family a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident?
• If no, proceed to Are you skilled?

Is your relative a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident?

• If your relative is a U.S. citizen, proceed to If your relative is a United States citizen.
• If your relative is a lawful permanent resident, proceed to If your relative is a lawful permanent resident.

Are you skilled, which is visualized by a cartoon person on a unicycle juggling.

• If yes, proceed to Do you have a college degree of specialty occupation?
• If yes, proceed to Can you prove that you’re a genius? How about a star athlete? Or an investor with $1 million dollars? Question is visualized by a soccer player kicking a bag of money.
• If no, you end at Sorry! There is virtually no process for unskilled immigrants without relations in the U.S. to apply for permanent legal residence. Only 10,000 green cards are allotted every year, and the wait time approaches infinity. (Those who receive H-2A or H-2B temporary visas for seasonal work cannot transition to a green card). When the flow chart reaches one of these points, people of different ages and genders are shown being kicked out of a door.

Do you have a college degree of specialty occupation? Okay, then you have a shot! Do you have a job offer?

• If yes, proceed to Is your employer willing to file paperwork for labor certification? And conduct a new job search for your position? And pay up to $10,000 in legal and other fees?
• If no, you end at Sorry, you’re out of luck.

Can you prove that you’re a genius? How about a star athlete? Or an investor with $1 million dollars?

• If yes, end at Congratulations! You have found the quickest way to get a green card, taking 12 to 18 months. But you would have made it anywhere, Mr. Beckham.
• With your green card you can become a citizen in 5-6 years. Total time to immigrate and become a citizen: 6 to 7 years. People reaching this point in the flowchart are represented by a bedraggled, tired person with a long beard.

Is your employer willing to file paperwork for labor certification? And conduct a new job search for your position? And pay up to $10,000 in legal and other fees?

• If yes, the wait time for a green card is typically 6-10 years. Proceed to Can your employer wait 6 to 10 years for you to start work?
• If no, you end at Sorry, you’re out of luck.

Can your employer wait 6 to 10 years for you to start work?

• If yes, after your green card, count on another five to six years for citizenship. Total time to immigrate and become a citizen: 10 to 16 years.
• If no, proceed to Is your employer willing to apply for your temporary work visa (H-1B)?

Is your employer willing to apply for your temporary work visa (H-1B)?

• If yes, end at Then you have a 50/50 chance of getting your H-1B, because these visas are capped at 85,000 per year, well below the total demand. They run out on the first day they become available. If you are lucky enough to get one, you can start working in the country and your employer can apply for your labor certification and green card. This is visualized by someone flipping a coin.
• If no, end at Sorry, you’re out of luck.

If your relative is a United States citizen, which is visualized by a person waving an American flag.

The only path here is from Is your family a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident? Are you that relative’s parent, spouse, or minor child?

• If yes, Congratulations! You’ve found one of the easiest ways to become an American.

• There is no annual cap on the number of spouses, minor children, or parents of U.S. citizens who can enter, and they generally can receive green cards.
• After you file your naturalization papers and endure 6 to 12 months of processing delays, you can take a language and civics test. Pass it, and you’re a citizen.
• End at Total time to immigrate and become a citizen: best case: 6 to 7 years.

• If no, adult children and siblings of U.S. citizens can apply for a green card.

• Wait time depends on country and marital status.

• Single adult children: 6 to 14 year wait.
• Married adult children: 7 to 15 year wait.
• Siblings of U.S. citizens: 11 to 22 year wait.

• With a green card, you can likely become a citizen after six years.
• End at Total time to immigrate and become a citizen: 12 to 28 years.

If your family is a lawful permanent resident

Are you the spouse or child of a lawful permanent resident?

• If yes, proceed to If you’re a child, are you a minor?
• If no, end at Sorry, you’re out of luck.

If you’re a child, are you a minor?

• If yes, Spouses and minor children of lawful permanent residents can apply.

• Wait time depends on home country. Wait time: 5 to 7 years.
• With a green card you can likely become a citizen after 6 years.
• End at Total time to immigrate and become a citizen:11 to 13 years

• If no, proceed to Are you single?

Are you single?

• If yes, wait time depends on home country.

• Wait time for a single adult of a lawful permanent resident: 9 to 14 years.
• End at total time to immigrate and become a citizen: 14 to 20 years.

• If no, Sorry, you don’t qualify to apply.

Attribution

What Part of Legal Immigration Don’t You Understand by Mike Flynn and Shikha Dalmia. Illustrated by Terry Colon. Flynn is director of government affairs and Dalmia is a senior policy analyst at Reason Foundation. This chart was developed by Reason Foundation in collaboration with the National Foundation for American Policy.

This text description was created for accessibility with permission from Reason Magazine.

Return to Figure 7.17

Image Description for Figure 7.20

The illustration separates each letter of LGBTQIA+ into a colorful circle which is connected to the next letter showing how they are all connected. Above and below the letters are brief definitions of the terms:

• Lesbian: Women who are attracted to women
• Gay: People who like people of the same sex. Often used for men who are attracted to men. It is a concept valid for all genders.
• Bisexual: People who experience attraction to people of multiple genders.
• Transgender: People who identify with the sex opposite to the one they were assigned at birth. This has no relation to sexual preferences.
• Queer: People whose sexuality goes beyond the heteronormative and what is accepted by society.
• Intersex: People who were born with genital organs of both sexes (male and female). It is a genetic condition.
• Asexual: People uncomfortable with sexual contact with anyone. They have no interest in relating sexually with their partners.
• More

Return to Figure 7.20

Image Description for Figure 7.27

Two circles at the top of the images are connected with a reciprocal arrow.

The first circle says “Income: The dollars received from salaries, wages, and payments.”

The second circle says, “Wealth: The total extent of an individual’s accumulated assets and resources.”

The bottom half of the graphic shows Community Cultural Wealth in the center. All the arrows of the smaller circles converge on the central circle, Community Cultural Wealth.

The smaller circles include:

• Cultural Capital
• Aspirational Capital
• Familial Capital
• Social Capital
• Navigational Capital
• Resistant Capital
• Linguistic Capital

Return to Figure 7.27

Image Description for Figure 8.3

A line chart shows that C02 levels have historically been below 300 parts per million for 800,000 years before 1950. C02 did go up and down over time, but beginning in 1950 it rose precipitously to over 420 parts per million.

Attribution

The data source was reconstructed from ice cores and the chart is credited to NOAA.

Return to Figure 8.3

Image Description for Figure 8.5

A world map shows the vulnerability of certain countries to climate change. Countries with very low vulnerability are shaded yellow; those with low vulnerability are tan; moderate vulnerability is represented with brown; and countries with high vulnerability are red. According to this legend, the United States, Australia, parts of Western Europe, and the southern part of South America experience low vulnerability. Russia, most of Africa and Asia, and most of South America experience moderate or high vulnerability. Data is sourced from the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative.

Return to Figure 8.5

Image Description for Figure 8.6

A bar chart showing the countries with the highest annual per-capita C02 emissions (in tons).

Data table:

Only includes countries with 2 million inhabitants or more, 2020 figures, latest available.

Attribution

Sources: UNFCCC/CDIAC/BP via Global Carbon Project, World Bank. Statista, CC BY-ND.

Return to Figure 8.6

Image Description for Figure 8.7

Nigeria is on the West Coast of Africa. It is surrounded by Benin, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and the Atlantic Ocean.

Other countries in the region of West Africa include:

• Burkina Faso
• Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)
• Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
• The Gambia
• Ghana
• Guinea
• Guinea-Bissau
• Liberia
• Mali
• Mauritania
• Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
• Senegal
• Sierra Leone
• Togo

Return to Figure 8.7

Image Description for Figure 8.9

The culture wheel is a visual representation of a specific culture’s beliefs, actions, and backgrounds. This wheel wants you to consider these categories: 1) values, 2) greater community, 3) knowledge and stories, 4) language, 5) traditions and rituals, 6) techniques and skills, 7) tools and objects, 8) the arts, and 9) food and drink.

Return to Figure 8.9

Image Description for Figure 8.13

Two triangles next to each other.

The first triangle represents the western perspective. From bottom to top, the levels are:

• Physiological
• Safety
• Belongingness/Love
• Esteem
• Know/Understand
• Aesthetic
• Self-actualization
• Transcendence

The second triangle represents the First Nations’ perspective. From bottom to top, the levels are:

• Self actualization
• Community actualization
• Cultural perpetuity

Return to Figure 8.13

Image Description for Figure 8.25

A line chart shows that historical greenhouse gas emissions rose until 2020. In the future, emissions will rise or fall based on different paths:

• The path to 1.5 degrees celsius goal leads to the lowest emissions, falling below 0 gigatons of C02 a year by 2080
• The path to 2 degrees celsius goal is next lowest, almost reaching 0 by 2100
• With ambitious net zero pledges (2.1 degrees celsius) emissions will fall to between 10 and 20 gigatons by 2100
• With current pledges (2.6 degrees celsius) emissions will fall below 30 gigatons by 2100.
• With current policies (2.7 degrees celsius to 3.1 degrees celsius) emissions will be somewhere between 30 and 50 gigatons by 2100.

Return to Figure 8.25

Image Description for Figure 9.6

Not just pathological behavior on the part of a few extreme people but…

A timeline shows the following events:

• Slave codes (1702-1805). Example: “All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this domain…shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resist his master…correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such correction…the master shall be free of all punishment…as if such accident had never happened.” (Virginia Slave Codes, 1705)
• Emancipation Proclamation ends slavery Jan 1, 1863.
• Black Codes (1865-1877). Example: Black people who broke labor contracts were subject to arrest, beating and forced labor…Passed by a political system in which Black people effectively had no voice, the black codes were enforced by all-white police and state militia forces…across the south. (Black Codes, History.com).
• Jim Crow Laws (1877-1968). Example: Those who attempt to defy Jim Crow laws often faced arrest, fines, jail sentences, violence and death.

Return to Figure 9.6

Image Description for Figure 9.10

Cyclic path graphic consisting of three black arrows. In the center of the graph in large black text is the text “Implicit Bias” with a small dotted arrow pointing to the phrase, “Structural Racism” with another small dotted arrow pointing to “Implicit Bias.” The top left arrow is titled “Priming, Associations, Assumptions.” The top right arrow is titled “History, Policies, Practices.”

To the left of the arrow are bullet points that state the following:

• Voting Rights
• FHA Loans
• Residential segregation
• Access to education, green space, resources, safety, healthcare, etc.
• Jobs, hiring, and advancement

The bottom arrow is titled, “Inequitable Outcomes & Racial Disparities.”

Return to Figure 9.10

Image Description for Figure 9.11

A map of Oregon shows that the following counties have passed ballots to join Greater Idaho:

• Sherman
• Morrow
• Wheeler
• Union
• Wallowa
• Jefferson
• Grant
• Baker
• Klamath
• Lake
• Harney
• Malheur

Crook County is voting in 2024, and all the other Oregon counties have either rejected a ballot measure or never voted on one.

Data are from Ballotpedia and current as of October 2023.

Return to Figure 9.11

Image Description for Figure 9.12

1. Emergence: People become aware of an issue and leaders emerge.
2. Coalescence: People join together, organize, and take action.
3. Institutionalization: The movement becomes an established organization.
4. Decline: The relevance of the movement declines over time.

Return to Figure 9.12

Image Description for Figure 10.2

Return to Figure 10.2

Image Description for Figure 10.6

Social determinants of health surround the individual including: 1) health care access and quality, 2) neighborhood and built environment, 3) social and community context, 4) economic stability, 5) education access and quality.

Return to Figure 10.6

Image Description for Figure 10.7

ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) potentially impact health outcomes later in life.

A layered pyramid is shown, starting with dark blue layers at the foundation and getting lighter toward the top. An identically-colored bar to the right shows a gradient from “Conception” at the bottom to “Death” at the top. On the pyramid, the layers read as follows from the bottom up:

1. Generational Embodiment/Historical Trauma
2. Social Conditions/Local Context
3. Adverse Childhood Experiences
4. Disrupted Neurodevelopment
5. Social, Emotional, & Cognitive Impairment
6. Adoption of Health Risk Behavior
7. Disease, Disability, & Social Problems
8. Early Death

Return to Figure 10.7

Image Description for Figure 10.8

Rate per 1,000 live births; 1) Non-hispanic Black, 10.8, 2) Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 9.4, 3) American Indian or Alaskan Native, 8.2, 4) Hispanic, 4.9, 5) Non-Hispanic White, 4.6, 6) Asian, 3.6.

Return to Figure 10.8

Image Description for Figure 10.9

A horizontal bar graph is shown. Text at the top reads: “Number of Global COVID-19 Deaths Where the Sex is Known, January 2021 – November 2021.” Four bars represent the months of January, June, October, and November in 2021. A blue section of each bar represents male deaths, a purple section represents female deaths, and a gray section represents deaths of unknown sex. According to the graph:

Return to Figure 10.9

Image Description for Figure 10.11

Compared with people who are heterosexual, people who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual have higher rates of health conditions associated with serious COVID-19 illness including: Asthma, Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, kidney disease, cancer, heart disease.

Return to Figure 10.11

Image Description for Figure 10.16

A line graph shows a declining percentage over time. The graph is titled “People Living in the U.S. Who Are Uninsured: 2008-2021.” The percentage begins at 15.2% in 2008, as shown by the percentages on the y-axis and years on the x-axis, and then declines to 8.6% in 2021, with two slight bumps upward in 2010 and 2019.

Return to Figure 10.16

Image Description for Figure 11.2

The opioid crisis is represented by four concentric ovals.

The first (innermost) oval is individual. Phrases in this oval include:

• Socio-demographic factors
• Stress and trauma exposure
• Physical and mental health
• Other substance and polysubstance misuse
• Biological and genetic susceptibility
• Pain
• Risk perception
• Withdrawal symptoms
• Self-determination
• Self-stigma

The second oval is interpersonal. Phrases in this oval include:

• Family history of substance abuse
• Opioid access via family, friends, and co-workers
• Influence of family, friends, and coworkers

The third oval is community. Phrases in this oval include:

• Prescribers’ perception of risk
• Types of Rx opioids
• Over-prescription
• Access to legal and illegal opioids
• Geographic variations
• Workplace and school
• Community norms
• Drug disposal facilities
• Treatment availability and access
• Quality care

The fourth (outermost) oval is society. Phrases in this oval include:

• Media and social networks
• Social stigma
• Discrimination and prejudice
• Legal & illegal advertising campaigns
• Economic conditions and employment rate
• Opioid supply and price
• Government programs and regulations
• Insurance coverage and payer policies
• Educational campaigns
• Law enforcement and policing

Return to Figure 11.2

Image Description for Figure 11.5

Demographic groups are represented by people icons to show the likelihood of incarceration for that group.

• All men: 1 in 9
• White men: 1 in 17
• Black men: 1 in 3
• Latinx men: 1 in 6
• All women: 1 in 56
• White women: 1 in 111
• Black women: 1 in 18
• Latinx women: 1 in 45

Source: The Sentencing Project

Return to Figure 11.5

Image Description for Figure 11.7

Three lines on a line chart represent Black, Hispanic, or White prisoners per 100,000 adults, ages 18 and older in each group from 2006 to 2018.

• Black people are imprisoned at the highest rates, starting at 2,261 in 2006 and dropping steadily to 1,501 in 2018.
• Hispanic people have the next highest rate of imprisonment, starting at 1,073 in 2006 and dropping to 797 in 2018.
• White people have the lowest rate of imprisonment, beginning at 324 in 2006 and dropping slightly to 268 in 2018.

Note: Blacks and whites include those who report being only one race and are non-Hispanic. Hispanics are of any race. Prisoners are those sentenced to more than a year in state or federal prison.

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics/Pew Research Center.

Return to Figure 11.7

Image Description for Figure 11.8

White people are underrepresented in prisons and jails while Black, Native, and Latino people are overrepresented. This is visualized by lines going from the percent of the US population of the group to the percent incarcerated.

• White people are 60% of the population and 38% of the incarcerated population (line goes down steeply).
• Black people are 13% of the population and 38% of the incarcerated population (line goes up steeply).
• Latino people are 18% of the population and 21% of the incarcerated population (line goes up slightly).
• Native people are 0.9% of the population and 2% of the incarcerated population (line goes up).

Source: Prison Policy Initiative. US Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2019. Tables B02001 and DP05. For category definition and selection details, see www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2022#methodology

Return to Figure 11.8

Image Description for Figure 11.10

A line chart represents deaths per 100,000 for the three different types of opioids as well as for any opioids. All rose between 1999 and 2020. Synthetic opioids have risen at a far greater rate than other forms of opioids beginning in 2013.

Wave 1: Rise in Prescription Opioid Overdose Deaths (Natural and Semi-Synthetic Opioids and Methadone)

Deaths are shown beginning in 1999 at about 2 per 100,000. Deaths then rose steadily until they were about 4 per 100,000 in 2011. They then dip and go up slightly a few times after that, most recently dipping in 2019 and rising in 2020.

Wave 2: Rise in Heroin Overdose Deaths (Started in 2010)

Heroin deaths are below 1 per 100,000 until 2010 when they begin to rise steeply, peaking around 2016 around 4 per 100,000. Since then rates have declined slightly but are still above 2 per 100,000.

Wave 3: Rise in Synthetic Opioid Overdose Deaths (Started in 2013; e.g., Tramadol or Fentany, prescribed or illicitly manufactured)

Deaths are below 1 per 100,000 until 2013, when they begin to rise steeply, especially since 2019. In 2020 deaths peaked at around 18 per 100,000.

Any Opioid

Deaths increased gradually from around 3 per 100,000 until 2013, when they sat around 6 per 100,000. They then increased steeply to about 14 per 100,000 in 2016. They then dipped slightly and then increased at a higher rate to around 20 per 100,000.

Source: National Vital Statistics System Mortality File

Return to Figure 11.10

Image Description for Figure 11.14

Needles represent HIV and Hepatitis C.

Myth 1: SEPs only give out needles

• SPES safely dispose of used needles
• Tests and treats for HIV and Hepatitis C
• Offers referrals to medical, mental health, and social services
• Abscess and wound care

Myth 2: SEPs increase injection drug use

• Offers referrals to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment
• SEP participants are 5x more likely to enter treatment for SUD
• In Seattle, intravenous drug users who had used SEPs reported a 75% decrease in injection drug use

Source: amfAR.org

Return to Figure 11.14

Image Description for Figure 12.2

The graphic displays the four stages in the Mental Health and Well-being Continuum in the form of 2 intersecting lines. At the top of the vertical line is optimal mental well-being which leads down to minimal mental well-being. The left side of the horizontal line is maximum mental illness which leads to the right and minimum mental illness. The intersection of lines creates four squares that contain examples. From top left to right, the examples are: 1) a person who experiences a high level of mental well-being despite being diagnosed with a mental illness and 2) a person who has a high level of mental well-being and who has no mental illness. From bottom left to right, 3) a person experiencing mental illness who has a low level of mental well-being and 4) a person who has no diagnosable mental illness who has a low level of mental well-being.

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Image Description for Figure 12.3

• In 2020, there were an estimated 52.9 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States with AMI. This number represented 21 percent of all U.S. adults.
• The prevalence of AMI was higher among females (25.8 percent) than males (15.8 percent).
• Young adults aged 18–25 years had the highest prevalence of AMI (30.6 percent) compared to adults aged 26–49 years (25.3 percent) and aged 50 and older (14.5 percent).
• The prevalence of AMI was highest among the adults reporting two or more races (35.8 percent), followed by White adults (22.6 percent). The prevalence of AMI was lowest among Asian adults (13.9 percent).

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Image Description for Figure 12.6

• In 2020, there were an estimated 14.2 million adults aged 18 or older in the United States with SMI. This number represented 5.6% of all U.S. adults.
• The prevalence of SMI was higher among females (7.0%) than males (4.2%).
• Young adults aged 18-25 years had the highest prevalence of SMI (9.7%) compared to adults aged 26-49 years (6.9%) and aged 50 and older (3.4%).
• The prevalence of SMI was highest among the adults reporting two or more races (9.9%), followed by American Indian / Alaskan Native (AI/AN) adults (6.6%). The prevalence of SMI was lowest among Native Hawaiian / Other Pacific Islander (NH/OPI) adults (1.2%).

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Image Description for Figure 12.7

A column chart shows the lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder among U.S. adolescents aged 13-18 from 2001-2004.

The chart is based on data from the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A).

• Based on diagnostic interview data from the National Comorbidity Survey Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), Figure 5 shows the lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder among U.S. adolescents aged 13-18.1
• An estimated 49.5% of adolescents had any mental disorder.
• Of adolescents with any mental disorder, an estimated 22.2% had severe impairment. DSM-IV-based criteria were used to determine impairment level.

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Image Description for Figure 12.9

A large infographic is shown, with a title at the top reading “Equity and Mental Health.” A subheading reads, “Understanding the Links: Equity Issues in Mental Health Significantly Impact Ontario.” The rest of the infographic is split into three sections.

The first, titled “Equity Matters for Mental Health,” is colored dark green on the left and gray on the right. A small image on the green background shows a figure pushing a globe up a slope. Underneath the image, white text says, “Lowest income Canadians report significantly poorer mental health.” On the gray background, a feminine silhouette sits in a circle next to green text that says, “Women are twice as likely to have depression as men.” Below, smaller green text says, “LGBT youth face approximately 4 times the risk of suicide than their heterosexual peers.” To the right of this text is an exclamation mark inside a pink triangle.

In the second section, on a white background, the text at the top says, “Mental Health Matters for Equity.” A large green circle contains the text, “People with lived experience of mental health issues can experience discrimination & social exclusion.” Five gray lines shoot out of the circle, connecting to smaller gray circles that say “Stigma,” “Food insecurity,” “Poverty,” “Barriers to housing,” and “Employment barriers.”

The third section is titled, “Equity and Mental Health Intersect.” It shows a Venn diagram between a green and a blue circle. The green circle says, “Experience of mental health issues.” The blue circle says, “Experience of inequities.” The space where they overlap says, “Both.”

The fine print at the bottom of the infographic cites a number of sources. A small logo on the bottom right says, “Canadian Mental Health Association Ontario.”

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Image Description for Figure 12.11

A vertical bar chart shows four colored bars for each of the following categories, indicated on the x-axis: White, Black or African American, Two or More Races, and Hispanic or Latino. Along the y-axis, text reads: “Annual Average Percentages and 95% Confidence Intervals.” In each category, a light blue bar represents people aged 18-25; a red bar indicates 26-34; a green bar indicates 35-49; and a dark blue bar represents people 50 and older. According to the chart, among white people with serious mental illness, 59.1% of 18 to 25-year-olds have used mental health services in the past year. Percentages are at 65.2% for 26 to 34-year-olds, 72% for 35 to 49-year-olds, and 76% for those 50 and older. Among Black people with mental illness, 43.1% in the youngest age bracket have used mental health services, with percentages at 48.7% for the next age bracket, 60% for the next, and 65% for the oldest age group. Among people of two or more races who have a mental illness, 57.8% of those in the 18-25 group have used services; 44.3% of the 26-34 group; and 74.8% of the 35-49 group. No data is represented for the 50+ group in this category. Among Hispanic or Latino respondents, 45.5% of the 18-25 group have used services; 53.1% of the 26-34 group; 64.1% of the 35-49 group; and 66.2% of the 50+ age group.

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Image Description for Figure 12.14

A diagonal line goes down to the left of the image, pointing to a clipboard with checkboxes for “intersex,” “male,” and “female.” This image is labeled, “Sex Assigned at Birth: What the medical community labels you.” To the right, a third image is connected to the other two with black lines, creating a triangle. This image shows a figure with dotted lines coming out of its head. Below, the label says, “Gender Expression: How you want to display your gender.” In the middle of the triangle is a picture of a brain above the words, “Gender Identity: How you identify (see yourself).”

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Image Description for Figure 12.16

A tree with arrows pointing at different parts.

Roots: Core Principles

A man icon stands next to this text:

• Obsession with Control
• Male Domination
• Male Identification
• Male Centeredness

Mental health example: Women are stereotyped as emotionally unstable when they are having their period.

Trunk: Institutions

Icons illustrate each of the following institutions:

• Health Care Systems
• Family
• Government
• Economy

Mental health example: Mental health services are not well-funded, especially for oppressed people.

Branches: Social Interactions

An icon of people talking to each other represents hospitals, schools, mental health clinics, families, communities, groups, and teams. Mental health example: Simon Biles didn’t compete on gymnastics team due to mental health issues.

Leaves: Individual Behavior

An icon of two people shaking hands represents the individual who participates in systems. Mental health example: Trans women experience more mental health challenges than cis women.

Attribution

Based on the idea of the patriarchal tree by R. Roosevelt Thomas Jr., developed by Esther L. Danielson and Allan G. Johnson in The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy (Temple University Press, 1997). All images are public domain/CC0. Mental health examples by Kimberly Puttman and Kathryn Burrows are licensed under CC BY 4.0.

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Image Description for Figure 12.24

Intersecting forms of oppression are 1) Heterosexism: system of oppression that produces inequities on the basis of sexual orientation, 2) Cissexism: system of oppression that produces inequities on the basis of gender identity, 3) Classism: system of oppression that produces inequities on the basis of class, 4) Sexism: system of oppression that produces inequities on the basis of sex and/or gender, 5) Racism: system of oppression that produces inequities on the basis of race, 6) Immigration Status: inequities can also be produced as a result of citizenship and/or immigration status, 7) Colonialism: system or practices of domination involving subjugation of a people (e.g. Indigenous people in Canada), 8) Religion: oppression on the basis of religious beliefs, practices and/or affiliations (e.g. Islamophobia, Antisemitism), 9) Ageism: system of oppression that produces inequities on the basis of age, 10) Ableism: system of oppression that produces inequities on the basis of dis/ability.

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Image Description for Figure 13.3

The global map displays reported deaths from COVID-19. Many continents have a rate of nearly 25,000 deaths per 100,000 people, including North and South America, Europe, Asia, as well as countries in Africa.

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Image Description for Figure 13.5

A vertical bar graph shows death rates in different demographics compared side-by-side from 2019 to 2020, with 2019 deaths represented by a dark blue bar and 2020 deaths represented by a gray bar. From left to right, the chart shows deaths per 100,000 people over the total U.S. population, among Hispanic men and women, among Black men and women, and among White men and women. Deaths increase in every demographic from 2019 to 2020, but not by the same amount. The smallest increase shown is among White females, a demographic in which only 75.7 more people died per 100,000 in 2020 compared to 2019. The largest increase occurs in Black men, who also show the highest overall death rate in both years. According to the chart, 1,399 Black men in 100,000 died in 2020, compared to 1,092.8 in 2019, an increase of 306.2. Smaller but still significant increases are shown in Hispanic men and women (an increase of 270.6 male deaths per 100,000 and 139.4 female deaths per 100,000), in Black women (an increase of 180.3), and in White men (an increase of 116.2).

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Image Description for Figure 13.10

A header reads “Health Trajectory & Functional Status.” The image below shows a human figure traveling from left to right along a chart with an x-axis representing time. To the left, a human figure stands in the middle of a series of concentric circles, separated by color: the white circle where the figure stands, followed by orange, blue, light green, light blue, gray, and pink. Starting from the inside and going outward, text in each circle reads: “Interpersonal & Social Network,” “Living Conditions,” “Neighborhoods & Communities,” “Environment,” “Institutions,” and “Social & Economic Policies.” Starting in the inner circle and cutting across the others, text reading “Genetics & Epigenetics,” accompanied by a DNA strand, creates a bridge from the human figure to the word “Exposome,” which forms the y-axis of the ensuing chart. Points along the x-axis are labeled “In-utero,” “Infancy,” “Childhood,” “Early adulthood,” “Middle age,” “Advanced age,” and “Elderly (>90 yrs).” The figure is shown at each point as, respectively, a fetus inside a mother’s womb, a baby, a child, an adult, an adult walking with a briefcase, an adult with a hat and cane, and a person using a walker with the assistance of another person. A subheading placed over the first four stages of life reads “Critical Time Windows.” Above it, another subheading reads “Phenotypic Plasticity.” From the top of the chart, a series of red, purple, and blue arrows arc down towards certain life stages. Text reading “Unfolding” points to the arcs with a black arrow. A red arrow, labeled “Suboptimal Life Course,” ends at early adulthood. The purple and blue arrows, collectively labeled “Average Life Course,” point at the middle age and elderly stages, respectively. A green arrow, labeled “Ideal Life Course,” points to another human figure at the top of the chart. This figure is larger than the others, is raising its arms, and has a halo of lines sprouting from its head. On the right side of the chart, the top half of the y-axis is labeled “Health” in green letters, and the lower half is labeled “Morbidity” in red letters. Below the chart, an image of a see-saw shows a pile of blue triangles on one side, labeled “Resilience & Reserve,” and a red triangle on the other side, labeled “Allostatic Load.” A red horizontal bar that extends to the “middle age” stage on the chart is labeled “Premature Death/Limited Healthspan & Lifespan.” Below it, a blue bar extends to the “elderly” stage, and is labeled “Average to Ideal Healthspan & Lifespan.”

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Image Description for Figure 13.16

An African-American person with long hair is shown wearing a t-shirt with the image of another Black person with short hair and a hat. Text on the shirt reads, “We Love and Miss You…Chill August 17, 1989–November 8, 2017.” Below the image, text reads, “The day after Willie’s funeral, cousin Candice Taylor posted this picture with the following message: Wasn’t able to make it to see you one last time, but took you to church this morning with my heart filled with joy!! The hardest part is healing but you will always be in our hearts! I love you cuzzo”

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Image Description for Figure 13.20

Thanatology is at the center of the diagram overlapping with these disciplines, 1) Philosophical, 2) Biological, 3) Anthropological, 4) Psychological, 5) Sociological.

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Image Description for Figure 14.6

A is a bar graph showing the population of Lincoln County, Oregon. Blue bars represent the male population and gray bars represent the female population. The y-axis shows age groups in 4-year increments, starting with “under 5 years” and going up to “85 years or older,” while the x-axis shows percentages of the population (from 1% to 6%). The graph shows a population that skews older and female, with the largest percentage of the population (by a whole percentage point) being made up of females aged 65-69 years old, and the second largest (at a bit less than 5%) being males aged 65-69. B isa nearly identical bar graph showing the population of Oregon as a whole. This time, red bars represent the male population and pink bars represent the female population. It shows a more even distribution of ages (though females still slightly outnumber males), with most age groups making up about 3% of the population. Starting at 70 years old, the older age demographics decline to below 2%.

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Image Description for Figure 14.10

Flyer publicizing free, somos bilingues The Art of Healing, Relax, Breathe and Play for Echo Mountain Fire Survivors, 1) May 12, The art of stories, 2) May 19, The art of mandalas, 3) May 26th, the art of visions.

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Image Description for Figure 14.16

A series of arrows form two concentric rings around a central circle. The outer circle is made up of two blue arrows pointing clockwise. Yellow text on the shorter arrow says “Search & Rescue” and “Emergency Relief.” The larger arrow says, in clockwise order, “Rehabilitation,” “Reconstruction,” “Prevention,” and “Early Warning.” The inner circle is made up of four thicker arrows, also pointing clockwise, broken up by a jagged pink bubble labeled “Disaster.” The first arrow, colored pink, says “Response” in white letters. The second, which is purple, says “Recovery.” The third, which is darker purple, says, “Mitigation.” The fourth arrow, which is blue, says, “Preparedness.” The gray circle at the center of the graphic says, “Disaster Management Cycle.”

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Image Description for Figure 14.17

A line graph shows the mental health of disaster survivors over time following the disaster. The y-axis shows the spectrum from “Emotional Lows” at the bottom to “Emotional Heights” at the top, and the x-axis shows the progression of time broken by “Up To One Year” and “After Anniversary.” The line’s first decline, labeled “Pre-Disaster,” is marked by the words “Warning” and “Threat.” A sharper decline is labeled “Impact,” followed by a steep ascent to emotional heights, which is marked by the word “Heroic,” and then, at the top, “Honeymoon (Community Cohesion).” This is followed by a descent to the lowest point on the chart, labeled “Disillusionment.” Two slight bumps at the bottom are labeled “Trigger Events.” A two-sided arrow labeled “Inventory” connects this low point to the “Impact.” After the Trigger Events, the line begins to go up, dipping again at a vertical dotted line labeled “Anniversary Reactions.” In the “After Anniversary” section, a double-sided arrow points to the line and past the edge of the chart, and is labeled “Working Through Grief (Coming to Terms).” A small dip near the top of the slope is labeled “Setback.” At the line’s highest point since the “Honeymoon” phase, a label reads “Reconstruction (A New Beginning).”

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Image Description for Figure 14.20

Three text boxes are connected vertically by arrows. The first box, colored blue, is labeled “Phase 1: Climate Demolition.” Two lower sections of the box, colored lighter shades of blue, read, respectively: “The disaster destroys homes and other infrastructure” and “People have to move temporarily or permanently.” The second box, which is green, is labeled “Phase 2: Recovery Policy and Planning.” The lighter-colored sections of this box read, respectively: “Governments change building requirements to make homes and infrastructure more resilient” and “Because people are often disbursed (sic), they lack power to resist the new laws.” The third box, colored yellow, is labeled “Phase 3: Resilience Gentrification.” Its lighter-colored sections read, respectively: “Building homes and infrastructure costs more and property taxes increase” and “Only wealthy people–the sustainability class–can afford to live in redeveloped property.”

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Image Description for Figure 14.21

Echo Mountain Fire Survivors are shown in the center with arrows connecting them to the following organizations, which are also connected to one another.

State and Federal Nonprofits

• The Red Cross
• Oregon Food Bank
• Faith Based Organizations

Government

• State of Oregon Disaster Case Management
• Lincoln County – Health Department and Others
• FEMA

Local Nonprofits

• Echo Mountain Fire Relief
• The Salmon River Grange
• Cascade Relief Team
• Latino Outreach/ Conexion Felix
• Local Community Members
• Landscaping with Love

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