Civilization Mission:  a perspective that invariably frames colonized people as backward and in need of some “superior” society to intervene to improve their lives.

Cold War:  the ideological and geopolitical struggle for global influence between Russia (then the Soviet Union) and the US.

colonialism: the policy of military, economic and ideological conquest of one society by another.

colonization: is the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area.

Colonies of Rule: colonies governed by a relatively small population of colonial administrators, usually for the purpose of extracting resources and wealth.

Colonies of Settlement:  colonies in which the colonial power sends a large number of its domestic population to settle the colony, thus displacing the indigenous population.

Debt Regime:  a system of global governance which empowers wealthy countries, through the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, to impose economic and social policies on indebted nations.

environmental sustainability: a responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems to support health and wellbeing,

foreign assistance:  aid given by a national government to countries in need

Green Revolution: an initiative to increase the global food supply and reduce world hunger by the use of chemicals and engineered crop varieties.

humanitarian aid: aid to alleviate suffering and mitigate the effects of disaster. They are provided by government and non governmental organizations for a short-term until longer-term help can be provided by local governments or other institutions.

international development: the government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), philanthropy from private businesses and individuals working to address poverty and inequality.

International Monetary Fund (IMF): an organization of 189 member countries that works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation.

neocolonialism: a new form of colonialism in which the colonial powers maintain their economic and political dominance over former colonies through debt, trade agreements and corporate influence but without formal political control.

North American Free Trade Agreement:– a neoliberal trade deal between Canada, the US and Mexico

The United Nations: the first permanent international organization with the mandate to protect vulnerable populations and maintain peace.

The White Man’s Burden: a framework for  interpreting colonial expansion – framing colonized people as simultaneously childlike and dangerous, while framing agents of colonial power as stern and wise parents.

World Bank: an international development organization that focuses on infrastructure such as dams, electrical grids, irrigation systems, and roads.