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Additional Resources

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Detailed Outline

The following detailed outline lists the sequence of topics and sub-topics covered in each chapter. We hope that reviewing this sequence will help future educators who may wish to adapt parts of the textbook for a specific course or project. Please note that the Pressbooks Table of Contents offers a high-level outline of this sequence, whereas this detailed outline shows each subtopic. Content can also be located by keyword by searching this book (upper right).

  1. Chapter 1: Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Key Terms
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. Crime and the Criminal Justice System
      1. Criminal Justice Process
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Crime and the Criminal Justice System
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. Deviance, Rule Violations, and Criminality
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Deviance, Rule Violations, and Criminality
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    4. Social Norms: Folkways, Mores, and Taboos
      1. Folkway
      2. Mores
      3. Taboo
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Social Norms: Folkways, Mores, and Taboos
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    5. Interactionist View
      1. Jaywalking (Example)
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Interactionist View
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    6. Consensus View
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Consensus View and Decriminalizing Laws
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    7. Conflict View
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Conflict View
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    8. The Police, Courts, and Corrections
      1. Police
      2. Courts
      3. Corrections
      4. Licenses and Attributions for The Police, Courts, and Corrections
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. Open Content, Shared Previously
    9. The Crime Control and Due Process Models
      1. Licenses and Attributions for The Crime Control and Due Process Models
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    10. Different Types of Crimes and Offenses
      1. Crimes Against the Person
      2. Crimes Against Property
      3. Crimes Against Public Order
        1. Drug Offenses
      4. Misdemeanor
      5. Felony
      6. Licenses and Attributions for Different Types of Crimes and Offenses
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    11. Victims and Victim Typologies
      1. Typologies of Crime Victims
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Victims and Victim Typologies
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    12. Victim Rights and Assistance
      1. Victim Impact Statements Video: Listen and Learn Exercise
      2. Victim Rights
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Victim Rights and Assistance
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    13. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
    14. References
  2. Chapter 2: Criminal Justice Policy
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Key Terms
      3. Critical Thinking Questions
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. Importance of Policy in Criminal Justice
      1. Fake News Exercise
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Importance of Policy in Criminal Justice
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. The Myth of Moral Panics
      1. Moral Panics, Sex Offender Registration, and Youth
        1. How Fake News Does Real Harm
        2. Criminal Justice Frames and Examples of Narratives
      2. Licenses and Attributions for The Myth of Moral Panics
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    4. The Stages of Policy Development
      1. Identifying the Issue
      2. Placement on the Agenda
      3. Formulation of the Policy
      4. Implementation of the Policy
      5. Evaluation of the Policy
      6. Licenses and Attributions for The Stages of Policy Development
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    5. Criminal Justice Policies
      1. Colonialism
      2. Disproportionate Minority Contact
      3. Racial and Political Divide
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Criminal Justice Policies
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    6. Re-Evaluating Policy
      1. The Sentencing Project
      2. The Sentencing Project – Black Lives Matter: Eliminating Racial Inequity in the Criminal Justice System by Nazgol Ghandoosh (Pages 19-20 Excerpt)
      3. Hate Crimes
        1. Profile: Anti-LGBTQIA+ Hate Crimes In The United States: Histories and Debates by Ariella Rotramel.
        2. What Are Hate Crimes?
        3. Historical Hate Crime Policy
        4. Debating Hate-Crime Laws
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Re-Evaluating Policy
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    7. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
    8. References
  3. Chapter 3: Defining and Measuring Crime and Criminal Justice
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Key Terms
      3. Critical Thinking Questions
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Original
        2. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. Research Methods
      1. Survey Research Method
      2. Meta-Analysis Research Method
        1. Quasi-Experimental Research Method
      3. Cross-Sectional Research Method
      4. Randomized Control Trial (RCT) Research Method
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Research Methods
        1. Open Content, Original
        2. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. Impact on People’s Lives
      1. Statistics on “Other Groups”
      2. Statistics on Native American and Latinx
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Impact on People’s Lives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    4. Underreporting of Crime
      1. Some Reasons People May Not Report:
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Underreporting of Crime
        1. Open Content, Original
        2. Open Content, Shared Previously
    5. Official Statistics
      1. Reading Data Right: Crime Reporting Statistics
      2. National Incident-Based Reporting System, or NIBRS
      3. Summary Reporting System
      4. NIBRS as the Standard
        1. Key Features of NIBRS
        2. Measuring Crime with NIBRS Data
        3. Current NIBRS Reporting Status (as of May 2024)
        4. Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) Program
        5. Exclusions from the LEOKA Program’s Data Collection
      5. Hate Crime Statistics
        1. FBI UCR Program’s Hate Crime Data Collection
        2. Types of Hate Crimes by Category (Box)
      6. National Use-of-Force Data Collection
        1. Activity: Bureau of Justice Statistics
      7. 50-State Crime Data (Map)
      8. Licenses and Attributions for Official Statistics
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    6. Victimization Studies
      1. Activity: NCVS Data Analysis
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Victimization Studies
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    7. Self-Report Statistics
      1. Monitoring the Future
      2. In the Report: One Form of Drug Use Showed a Sharp Increase in Use in 2018
        1. Activity: Which Data Should We Use?
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Self-Report Statistics
    8. Misusing Statistics
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Misusing Statistics
        1. Open Content Shared previously
    9. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
    10. References
  4. Chapter 4: Criminal Law
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Key Terms
      3. Critical Thinking Questions
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. Law Definition
      1. Dysfunctions of Law
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Law Definition
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. Civil, Criminal, and Moral Wrongs
      1. Civil Wrongs
      2. Criminal Wrongs
        1. Key Differences
      3. Moral Wrongs
        1. Key Differences
        2. The Witness Exercise
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Civil, Criminal, and Moral Wrongs
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    4. Sources of Criminal Law: Federal and State Constitutions
      1. Constitution of the U.S.
        1. Constitutional Limitations on Criminal Law and Procedure
        2. Ex Post Facto Law Example:
        3. Bill of Attainder Example:
      2. State Constitutions
        1. Rule of Law
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Sources of Criminal Law: Federal and State Constitutions
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    5. Sources of Criminal Law: Statutes, Ordinances, and Other Legislative Enactments
      1. State’s Authority to Pass Criminal Laws
      2. Congress’s Authority to Pass Laws
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Sources of Criminal Law: Statutes, Ordinances, and Other Legislative Enactments
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    6. Sources of Law: Administrative Law, Common Law, Case Law, and Court Rules
      1. Administrative Law–Agency-Made Law
      2. Common Law
      3. Judge-Made Law: Case Law
        1. Stare Decisis and Precedent (Example)
      4. Court Rules of Procedure
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Sources of Law: Administrative Law, Common Law, Case Law, and Court Rules
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    7. Classifications of Law
      1. Classifications Based on the Seriousness of the Offense
      2. Classifications Based on the Type of Harm Inflicted
      3. Mala in se Mala Prohibita Crimes
      4. Substantive and Procedural Law
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Classifications of Law
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    8. Substantive Law: Defining Crimes, Inchoate Liability, Accomplice Liability, and Defenses
      1. Elements of the Crime
      2. Inchoate Offenses: Attempt, Conspiracy, and Solicitation
      3. Accomplice Liability: Aid and Abet
      4. Vicarious Liability
      5. Defenses
        1. Perfect and Imperfect Defenses
        2. Negative Defenses and Affirmative Defenses
      6. Justifications
      7. Excuses
      8. Procedural Defenses
      9. Licenses and Attributions for Substantive Law: Defining Crimes, Inchoate Liability, Accomplice Liability, and Defenses
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    9. Substantive Law: Punishment: Incarceration and Confinement Sanctions
      1. Incarceration/Confinement Sentence
        1. Indeterminate-Indefinite Sentencing Approach
        2. Determinate-Definite Sentencing Approach
        3. Presumptive Sentencing Guidelines
        4. Other Mandatory Sentences-Penalty Enhancements
        5. Concurrent and Consecutive Sentences
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Substantive Law: Punishment: Incarceration and Confinement Sanctions
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    10. Substantive Law: Capital Punishment
      1. Mental Illness, Mental Deterioration, and the Death Penalty
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Substantive Law: Capital Punishment
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    11. Substantive Law: Monetary Punishment Sentences
      1. Monetary Punishments—Fines
      2. Civil Forfeiture
      3. Restitution and Compensatory Fines
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Substantive Law: Monetary Punishment Sentences
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    12. Procedural Law
      1. Phases of the Criminal Justice Process
        1. Overview of the criminal process (graph)
        2. Enter Into the System: Investigative Phase
        3. Pretrial Phase
        4. Adjudication or Trial Phase
        5. Sentencing and Sanctions Phase
        6. Post-Conviction Phase (Appeals Phase)
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Procedural Law
        1. Open Content, Original
    13. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    14. References
  5. Chapter 5: Criminological Theory
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Key Terms
      3. Critical Thinking Questions
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. Crime Theories
      1. What Makes a Good Criminological Theory?
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Crime Theories
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    3. The Origins of Classical Criminological Theory
      1. Classical School
      2. Reformers of Classical Theory
      3. Deterrence
        1. Specific Deterrence
        2. General Deterrence
      4. Licenses and Attributions for The Origins of Classical Criminological Theory
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    4. Neoclassical
      1. Activity: In the News: Oregon Measure 11 Example
        1. OPTIONAL Activity: Measure 11 Exercise
      2. Rational Choice Theory
      3. Routine Activities Theory
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Neoclassical
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    5. Positivist Criminology
      1. Biological and Psychological Positivism
        1. Atavistic features image
      2. The Chicago School
        1. Concentric Zones image
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Positivist Criminology
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    6. Other Modern Criminological Theories
      1. Strain Theory
      2. Learning Theories
        1. Classical Conditioning
        2. Operant Conditioning
        3. Optional Activity: Punishment Exercise
        4. Differential Association Theory
        5. Social Learning Theory
      3. Control Theories
        1. Optional Activity: Parenting Exercise
      4. Critical Theories
        1. Feminist Theories
        2. Critical Race Theory
        3. Social Reaction Theories
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Other Modern Criminological Theories
        1. Open Content, Original
        2. Open Content, Shared Previously
    7. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
    8. References
  6. Chapter 6: Policing
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Key Terms
      3. Critical Thinking Questions
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
    2. Brief History of Policing
      1. Sir Robert Peel
        1. Peelian Principles
      2. Policing Eras
        1. The Political Era
        2. Some of the City Police Agencies Established During the Political Era
        3. Reform Era
        4. The Community Era – 1980s to 2000
        5. The Homeland Security Era – 2001 to Present
      3. Racialized and Biased History
      4. Policing Today
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Brief History of Policing
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. Levels of Policing and the Role of Police
      1. Levels of Policing
        1. Federal Level
        2. State Level
        3. County Level
        4. City Level
        5. Divisions within Each Agency
        6. Commissioned Assignments within a Law Enforcement Agency
        7. Civilian Assignments within a Law Enforcement Agency
        8. Contact with Outside Agencies
      2. Dangers of Police Work
      3. Police Related Case Law
        1. Fourth Amendment/Search and Seizure
        2. Miranda and Arrest
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Levels of Policing and the Role of Police
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    4. Police Corruption, Misconduct, and Accountability
      1. Police Discretion
      2. Corruption Types
        1. Grass Eaters and the Meat Eaters
      3. Quotas
      4. Internal Affairs, Discipline, and Accountability
        1. Discipline
        2. Accountability
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Police Corruption, Misconduct, and Accountability
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    5. Current Issues in Policing
      1. Officer-Involved Shootings
      2. Force Responses and Vehicle Pursuits
        1. Author’s Note
      3. Stereotypes and Bias-Based Policing
      4. Disparities and Racism in Policing Communities of Color
      5. Body Cameras
        1. Police Body Cameras: What Do You See Exercise
      6. Defund the Police
      7. Mental Health
      8. Licenses and Attributions for Current Issues in Policing
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    6. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
    7. References
  7. Chapter 7: Courts
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Key Terms
      3. Critical Thinking Questions
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. Court Jurisdictions
      1. Jurisdiction Based on the Function of the Court
      2. Jurisdiction Based on Subject Matter
      3. Jurisdiction Based on the Seriousness of the Case
      4. Jurisdiction Based on the Court’s Authority
      5. Jurisdiction Based on Location
      6. Licenses and Attributions for Court Jurisdictions
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. Structure of the Dual Court Systems
      1. The Federal Court System
        1. Selection of Judges
        2. Types of Cases Heard
        3. Dig Deeper
      2. U.S. Supreme Court
        1. Changes to the U.S. Supreme Court
        2. Diversity in the Supreme Court
        3. Landmark Supreme Court Decisions
      3. U.S. Courts of Appeal
      4. U.S. District Courts
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Structure of the Dual Court Systems
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    4. Structure of the Courts: State Courts
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Structure of the Courts: State Courts
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    5. State Trial Courts and the Principle of Orality
      1. Principle of Orality
      2. Licenses and Attributions for State Trial Courts and the Principle of Orality
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    6. The Appellate Process
      1. Standards of Review
      2. Licenses and Attributions for The Appellate Process
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    7. Courtroom Workgroup: Judges and Court Staff
      1. Trial Judges
        1. Trial Judge Selection and Qualifications
      2. Judicial Clerk, Law Clerk, and Judicial Assistants
      3. Bailiffs
      4. Jury Clerk
      5. Court Clerks and Staff
      6. Scheduling Clerk
      7. Licenses and Attributions for Courtroom Players: Judges and Court Staff
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    8. Courtroom Workgroup: Prosecutors
      1. Prosecutor’s Function
      2. State Prosecuting Attorney
      3. Federal Prosecuting Attorney
      4. Selection and Qualifications of Prosecutors
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Courtroom Players: Prosecutors
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    9. Courtroom Workgroup: Defense Attorneys
      1. Functions of Defense Attorneys
      2. Privately Retained Defense Attorneys
      3. Court-Appointed Attorney
      4. The Right to Counsel in Federal Trials
      5. The Right to Counsel in State Courts
      6. Effective Assistance of Counsel
      7. Waiving Counsel
      8. Licenses and Attributions for Courtroom Workgroup: Defense Attorneys
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    10. When Does a Defendant Have the Right to Assistance of an Attorney?
      1. Critical Stages of Criminal Justice Process
      2. During Other Proceedings
      3. During Probation and Parole Revocation Hearings
      4. Licenses and Attributions for When Does a Defendant Have the Right to Assistance of an Attorney?
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    11. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
    12. References
  8. Chapter 8: Corrections
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Author’s Note
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Key Terms
      4. Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. Philosophies of Punishment
      1. A Brief History of Punishment
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Philosophies of Punishment
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. Ideologies of Punishment
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Ideologies of Punishment
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    4. Retribution
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Retribution
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    5. Deterrence
      1. General Deterrence
      2. Specific Deterrence
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Deterrence
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    6. Incapacitation
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Incapacitation
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    7. Rehabilitation
      1. Understanding Risk and Needs in Rehabilitation
      2. Eras of Corrections
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Rehabilitation
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    8. Jails
      1. A Brief History of Jails in the United States
      2. Facility Size, Design, and Supervision Models
      3. Who Goes to Jail?
      4. Life and Culture in Jail
        1. Rights and Privileges
        2. Program and Work Opportunities
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Jails
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    9. Prisons
      1. Growth of Prisons in the United States
      2. Prison Jurisdictions
        1. State Prisons
        2. Federal Facilities
      3. Private Prisons
        1. States Using Private Prison Industry
      4. Prison Levels
        1. Intake Centers
        2. Minimum
        3. Medium
        4. Maximum
        5. Administrative
      5. Who Goes to Prison?
      6. Life and Culture in Prison
        1. Rights and Privileges
        2. Program and Work Opportunities
      7. Licenses and Attributions for Prisons
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    10. Careers in Corrections: Corrections Officer
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Careers in Corrections: Corrections Officer
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    11. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
    12. References
  9. Chapter 9: Community Corrections
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Author’s Note
      2. Learning Objectives
      3. Key Terms
      4. Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. The Role of Community Corrections
      1. Diversion
      2. Different Diversion Points in the System
      3. Licenses and Attributions for The Role of Community Corrections
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. Intermediate Sanctions
      1. Probation
        1. Individuals on Probation
        2. Probation Effectiveness
        3. Intensive Supervised Probation
        4. IPS Effectiveness
      2. Boot Camps or Shock Incarceration
        1. Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration Effectiveness
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Intermediate Sanctions
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    4. Specialty Courts
      1. Specialty Court Effectiveness
      2. House Arrest/Electronic Monitoring
        1. House Arrest/Electronic Monitoring Effectiveness
      3. Community Residential Facilities
      4. Restorative Justice
        1. Restorative Justice Effectiveness
      5. Parole and Post Prison Supervision
        1. Parole Effectiveness
      6. Licenses and Attributions for Specialty Courts
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    5. Current Issues and Crime Problems in Corrections
      1. Mass Incarceration
      2. War on Drugs and Gangs
      3. Get Tough Policies
      4. Aging
      5. Mental Health
      6. Reentry and the Future of Corrections
        1. Reentry and the Revolving Door
        2. Impacts
      7. Licenses and Attributions for Current Issues and Crime Problems in Corrections
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    6. Careers in Community Corrections: Parole and Probation Officer
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Careers in Community Corrections: Parole and Probation Officer
    7. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    8. References
  10. Chapter 10: Juvenile Justice
    1. Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Key Terms
      3. Critical Thinking Questions
      4. Licenses and Attributions for Chapter Overview and Learning Objectives
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    2. Youth Crime & Juvenile Justice
      1. Youth Crime
        1. Ted Talk: Jeffrey Brown—How we cut youth violence in Boston by 79 percent
      2. Juvenile Justice
        1. Ted Talk: Stephen Case—Solving the Youth Crime ‘Problem’
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Youth Crime & Juvenile Justice
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    3. History of the Juvenile Justice System
      1. Reform Schools
      2. Child Saving Movement
      3. Creation of the Juvenile Court
      4. Licenses and Attributions for History of the Juvenile Justice System
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    4. Delinquency
      1. Youth Processing Ages
      2. School to Prison Pipeline
      3. In the News: The Prison Pipeline
      4. Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC)
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Delinquency
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
        2. All Rights Reserved Content
    5. Juvenile Justice Process
      1. Due Process in the Juvenile Court
        1. Kent v. United States (1966)
        2. In re Gault (1967)
        3. In re Winship (1970)
        4. Breed v. Jones (1975)
      2. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Juvenile Justice Process
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    6. Getting Tough: Initiatives for Punishment and Accountability
      1. Waiver and Adult Time
      2. Superpredator and Discriminatory Practices
      3. Licenses and Attributions for Getting Tough: Initiatives for Punishment and Accountability
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    7. Returning to Rehabilitation in the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System
      1. Key Supreme Court Cases
        1. Roper v Simmons (2005)
        2. Graham v Florida (2010)
        3. Miller v Alabama (2012)
        4. Montgomery v Louisiana (2016)
        5. Jones v. Mississippi (2021)
      2. Licenses and Attributions for Returning to Rehabilitation in the Contemporary Juvenile Justice System
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    8. The Structure of the Juvenile Justice System
      1. Licenses and Attributions for The Structure of the Juvenile Justice System
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    9. Juvenile Institutions
      1. Detention
      2. Group Homes
      3. Boot Camps and Wilderness Camps
      4. Residential Treatment Centers (RTCs)
      5. Long-Term Secure Facilities
      6. Licenses and Attributions for Juvenile Institutions
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    10. Careers in Juvenile Justice
      1. Licenses and Attributions for Careers in Juvenile Justice
    11. Conclusion
      1. Learning Objectives
      2. Review of Key Terms
      3. Self-Comprehension Check
      4. Review of Critical Thinking Questions
      5. Licenses and Attributions for Conclusion
        1. Open Content, Shared Previously
    12. References

Licenses and Attributions for Additional Resources

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Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System: An Equity Lens Copyright © by Roxie Supplee; Megan Gonzalez; Sam Arungwa; Irvin Brown; Alison Burke; Whitney Head-Potter; and Eric Wilkes is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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