These terms are needed to understand the concepts in this chapter and will appear in other chapters in the text.

• Criminalization: the act of making an activity or person illegal by making their activity a criminal offense.
• Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): a U.S. immigration policy that allows individuals who arrived in the United States as children to remain and work in the country for a renewable period of two years. This policy has been legalized and implemented inconsistently in the 2000s.
• implicit bias: an unconscious tendency to favor one person, group, or point of view over another usually based on social characteristics such as gender, sexuality, race or socioeconomic status.
• incarceration: being confined within a prison or jail.
• militarization: the process of preparing for war or another conflict; can refer to the transformation of a civilian agency becoming more like a military operation.
• substance use disorder (SUD): a disease that affects the brain and includes the uncontrolled use of something despite harmful consequences (sometimes called substance abuse).