32.5 – Comparing Orthodox and Heterodox Theories

Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

  • Distinguish between key concepts and arguments from orthodox and heterodox microeconomic theories

For quick reference, a table contrasting general views from orthodox and heterodox economics on firms, costs, and prices is provided below.  The student should be aware that we are painting in broad strokes here.  Both orthodox and heterodox economics include a variety of sophisticated models and theories, some of which would contradict the characterizations made below.  However, as an introduction to microeconomics this table should suffice as a reflection of the core positions and standard ideas within these two camps.

Orthodox Heterodox
Prices are determined in… the market the planning processes of the business enterprise
Prices function to… clear markets ensure the reproduction and growth of business enterprises
As production increases, average total costs… first decline to some minimum (or efficient) point and then start to rise again (that is, ATC is ‘U’-shaped) typically decline up to (or very near) the maximum output at which the production process was designed to operate
Marginal costs… eventually rise with higher levels of production due to the law of diminishing returns are not generally contemplated by business executives and are not relevant to microeconomic theory, in part because firms don’t (and couldn’t) typically produce according marginal costs and revenues.
Price and quantity supplied… are functionally related–that is, when price changes quantity will generally change are, in most instances, determined completely separately
Firms are viewed as… terminal ventures, always and everywhere maximizing profits going concerns, organized and operated to (try to) stay in business into the foreseeable future
Firms make short-run decisions… ignoring fixed costs, because by definition these cannot be changed typically in accordance with the long-run strategies determined through their long-run planning process

License

32.5 - Comparing Orthodox and Heterodox Theories Copyright © by Erik Dean; Justin Elardo; Mitch Green; Benjamin Wilson; Sebastian Berger; Richard Dadzie; and Adapted from OpenStax Principles of Economics. All Rights Reserved.

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