Description for Figure 1.1

This short film clip originally did not include sound, but is now set to a contemporary soundtrack of winter holiday music with sleigh bells. It features about 15 light-skinned people in a snow-filled urban street lined with bare trees. The people are dressed in dark, late 1800s men’s and women’s clothing, wearing black top hats and white aprons over long skirts. The original film has been colorized, adding tints of green, blue, and pink to the buildings, snow, and people in the scene. The people laugh and throw snowballs at each other with their bare hands. A bicyclist slips and falls in the middle of the group. Everyone pelts the bicyclist with snowballs before the person manages to ride away.

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Description for Figure 3.5

A colorful inverted triangle shows Society at the top, then Culture, then Social Institutions (including Economics, Politics, Education, Family, and Work), then Social Inequality (including Race, Gender, and Class), then Groups, then Roles, then Socialization, then Interaction, and at the very bottom, Self. Text and highlighting on the side of the pyramid indicates that Society, Culture, Social Institutions, and some aspects of Social Inequality are studied at the macro level of analysis. Self, Interaction, Socialization, Roles, Groups, and some aspects of Social Inequality are studied at the micro level of analysis.

Description of “Levels of Analysis: The Micro-Macro Continuum” by Jennifer Puentes and Michaela Willi Hooper, Open Oregon Educational Resources, is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

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Description for Figure 3.6

A colorful circle indicates social identities and positions, relationships of power and marginalization, and social processes of discrimination, oppression, privilege and power.

Around the edge of the circle, there is a list of social processes. These include ageism, ableism, ethnocentrism, transphobia, xenophobia, classism, colonialism, racism, sexism, homophobia, and heterosexism. Within the circle, social identities and positions are arranged in three concentric rings.

The outermost ring lists sixteen social identities and positions. These include age, culture, disability, education, ethnicity, geography, gender, immigration status, income, indigeneity, language, marital status, race, religion, sex, and sexual orientation.

Moving inwards, the second ring lists sixteen categories that fall under the social identities and positions described in the outermost ring. These categories are typically more marginalized in society. A text box along the edge of this second ring reads “Marginalized.”

The innermost ring lists sixteen categories that again fall under the social identities and positions described in the outermost ring. This time, the categories listed are ones typically associated with power in society. At the center of the circle, a text box reads “Power.”

Thus, the sixteen portions of the circle can be broken down as follows:

• Age: Older adults, youth (marginalized ring), middle-aged (power ring)
• Culture: Non-Western (marginalized ring), Western (power ring)
• Disability: Disabled (marginalized ring), able-bodied (power ring)
• Education: No formal education (marginalized ring), post-secondary (power ring)
• Geography: Rural (marginalized ring), urban (power ring)
• Gender: Trans and nonbinary (marginalized ring), cis-woman (middle ring), cis-man (power ring)
• Immigration status: Immigrant (marginalized ring), citizen (power ring)
• Income: Low (marginalized ring), high (power ring)
• Indigeneity: Indigenous Peoples (marginalized ring), settler (power ring)
• Language: English and French (marginalized ring), Other languages (power ring)
• Marital status: Widowed, divorced, single (marginalized ring), married (power ring)
• Race: Racialized (marginalized ring), white (power ring)
• Religion: Non-Christian (marginalized ring), Christian (power ring)
• Sex: Intersex (marginalized ring), female (middle ring), male (power ring)
• Sexual orientation: LGBTQ+ (marginalized ring), straight (power ring)

Below the circle, an arrow goes from the “Trans and nonbinary” text in the gender portion to a text box that reads: “Some gender identity terms include: agender, bigender, genderfluid, genderqueer, gender neutral, non-binary, transgender man, transgender woman.”

Adapted from Sylvia Duckworth’s Wheel of Power/Privilege.

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Description for Figure 3.13

A multicolored wheel that visualizes an individual’s or group’s relationship to power and privilege. From a center that says power, two intersecting lines with arrows at each end point outwards and are labeled marginalization. There are 16 slices or segments in the wheel. Each segment represents categories of identities or social locations. Social locations near the center of the wheel experience more power. Social locations near the edge of the wheel experience more oppression and are more marginalized. Gray words outside the circle indicate forms of oppression and discrimination directed at people with those social identities.

Please keep in mind that as we try to describe the relationships between socially constructed power and identity, the categories we use can be imprecise, overlapping, and unstable.

Category descriptions and social identities/locations

• Race/Ethnicity: Black and Indigenous People of Color are the most marginalized identities, white passing is in the middle, and white is closest to the center of power. Racism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Skin color: Dark is the most marginalized identity, medium shades in the middle, and white closest to the center of power. Colorism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Indigeneity: Indigenous is the most marginalized identity, and Settlers are closest to the center of power. Colonialism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Citizenship: Undocumented is the most marginalized, documented non-citizen is in the middle, and citizen is closest to the center of power. Nativism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Language: Non-English speaking is the most marginalized identity, English speaking is in the middle, and native English is closest to the center of power. Xenophobia is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Geography: Rural/inner city is the most marginalized identity, suburb is in the middle, and city is closest to the center of power. Classism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Social class: Poor/working poor is the most marginalized identity, middle class is in the middle, and wealthy is closest to the center of power. Classism also affects people in this category.
• Housing status: Houseless is the most marginalized identity, sheltered/renting is in the middle, and property owner is closest to the center of power. Classism also affects people in this category.
• Education: Elementary education is the most marginalized identity, high school is in the middle, and college or university is closest to the center of power. Credentialism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Neurodiversity: Significant neurodivergence is the most marginalized identity, some neurodivergence is in the middle, and neurotypical is closest to the center of power. Ableism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Physical and mental health: Vulnerable is the most marginalized identity, mostly stable is in the middle, and robust is closest to the center of power. Ableism also affects people in this category.
• Ability: Severe disability is the most marginalized identity, mild disability is in the middle, and able-bodied is closest to the center of power. Ableism also affects people in this category.
• Body size: Overweight or obese is the most marginalized identity, average is in the middle, and slim is closest to the center of power. Sizeism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Gender identity: Trans/intersex/nonbinary is the most marginalized, cisgender women are in the middle, and cisgender men are closest to the center of power. Sexism and cisgenderism are forms of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Sexual orientation: Lesbian, bi, pan/asexual are the most marginalized identities, gay men are in the middle, and straight is closest to the center of power. Heterosexism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.
• Marital Status: Single/nonmonogamous are the most marginalized identities, engaged/partnered are in the middle, and married is closest to the center of power. Heterosexism is a form of oppression marginalized people in this category experience.

Attribution

Based on the work of Patricia Hill Collins, Kimberlé Crenshaw and Allan Johnson, and the visual images of Sylvia Duckworth and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. This version designed by Kimberly Puttman, Michaela Willi Hooper, and Lauren Antrosiglio, Open Oregon Educational Resources, CC BY 4.0.

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Description for Figure 3.24

Two pie graphs show percentage of U.S. households by race with percentage of U.S. wealth shared by race.

Share of U.S. Households

Share of U.S. Wealth

This information comes from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

Sources: Distributional Financial Accounts and Institute for Economic Equity calculations.

Note: Racial and ethnic groups are mutually exclusive; they are based on the primary race or ethnicity of the survey.

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Description for Figure 3.26

Four tables shows percentage of U.S. adults who say they have or own the following:

Percent of U.S. adults who say they have home broadband

Percent of U.S. adults who say they have a smartphone

Percent of U.S. adults who say they have a tablet

Percent of U.S. adults who say they have a desktop/laptop computer

Source: Pew Research Center. Survey conducted Jan. 25 – Feb. 8, 2021

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Description for Figure 3.37

An infographic with the principles of Critical Race Theory.

The center circle contains the title Critical Race Theory. The outer circle is a dashed line representing the connections of the principles. There are 6 smaller circles connected by the dashed line with the six principles. Race is socially constructed, Racism is normalized, Interest convergence, Differential Racialization, Intersectionality, Voices of color thesis.

On the right of the infographic is a table that contains the six principles and a brief explanation.

• Race is socially constructed, not a fixed biological reality.
• Racism is normalized and often covert and sometimes unintended, thus hard to identify.
• The laws and other elements of life that negatively impact PoC tend to only change when there is an interest convergence between what white people and PoC want.
• Over time, racism changes to describe races differently through a process of differential racialization.
• Intersectionality ees all elements of identity as interacting forces.
• The voices of color thesis states that PoC can speak best on their own experiences.

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Description for Figure 4.4

Pie chart shows world regions by total wealth in trillions USD. Africa has the smallest share and North America has the greatest.

Data source: Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report 2022, Table 1

License: Design by Aimee Samara Krouskop and Michaela Willi Hooper, Open Oregon Educational Resources, CC BY 4.0.

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Description for Figure 4.5

Map of the world shows countries by greatest income inequality using the top 10/bottom 50 ratio. 19-50+ is the category with the greatest inequality. It’s prevalent in Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and southern Asia. 16-19, the next level, includes the United States and a handful of countries in Africa and southeast Asia. The next most equal level, 13-16, includes Canada, most of Asia (including China and Russia), Argentina, and parts of Africa. The next level, 12-13, includes parts of west Africa and central Asia. The most equal level, 5-12, includes most of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Cuba, and some parts of South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.

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Description for Figure 4.7

Map of the world shows countries by income bracket (Gross National Income per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method).

• Low income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $1,085 or less in 2021
• Lower middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $1,086 and $4,255
• Upper middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $4,256 and $13,205
• High-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $13,205 or more

Countries with high-income economies

Andorra, Greece, Poland, Antigua and Barbuda, Greenland, Portugal, Aruba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Australia, Hong Kong SAR, China, Qatar, Austria, Hungary, Romania, The Bahamas, Iceland, San Marino, Bahrain, Ireland, Saudi Arabia, Barbados, Isle of Man, Seychelles, Belgium, Israel, Singapore, Bermuda, Italy, Sint Maarten (Dutch part), British Virgin Islands, Japan, Slovak Republic, Brunei Darussalam, Korea, Rep., Slovenia, Canada, Kuwait, Spain, Cayman Islands, Latvia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Channel Islands, Liechtenstein, St. Martin (French part), Chile, Lithuania, Sweden, Croatia, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Curaçao, Macao SAR, Taiwan, Cyprus, Malta, Trinidad and Tobago, Czech Republic, Monaco, Turks and Caicos Islands, Denmark, Nauru, United Arab Emirates, Estonia, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Faroe Islands, New Caledonia, United States, Finland, New Zealand, Uruguay, France, Northern Mariana Islands, Virgin Islands (U.S.), French Polynesia, Norway, Germany, Oman, Gibraltar, Panama

Countries with upper-middle income economies

Albania, Fiji, Namibia, American Samoa, Gabon, North Macedonia, Argentina, Georgia, Palau, Armenia, Grenada, Paraguay, Azerbaijan, Guatemala, Peru, Belarus, Guyana, Russian Federation, Belize, Iraq, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jamaica, South Africa, Botswana, Jordan St. Lucia, Brazil, Kazakhstan, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Suriname, China, Libya, Thailand, Colombia, Malaysia, Tonga, Costa Rica, Maldives, Türkiye, Cuba, Marshall Islands, Turkmenistan, Dominica, Mauritius, Tuvalu, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Equatorial Guinea, Moldova, Ecuador, Montenegro

Countries with lower-middle income economies

Angola, India, Philippines, Algeria, Indonesia, Samoa, Bangladesh, Iran, Islamic Rep, São Tomé and Principe, Benin, Kenya, Senegal, Bhutan, Kiribati, Solomon Islands, Bolivia, Kyrgyz Republic, Sri Lanka, Cabo Verde, Lao PDR, Tanzania, Cambodia, Lebanon, Tajikistan, Cameroon, Lesotho, Timor-Leste, Comoros, Mauritania, Tunisia, Congo, Rep., Micronesia, Fed. Sts., Ukraine, Côte d’Ivoire, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Djibouti, Morocco, Vanuatu, Egypt, Arab Rep., Myanmar, Vietnam, El Salvador, Nepal, West Bank and Gaza, Eswatini, Nicaragua, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Nigeria, Haiti, Pakistan, Honduras, Papua New Guinea

Countries with low income economies

Afghanistan, Guinea-Bissau, Somalia, Burkina Faso, Korea, Dem. People’s Rep, South Sudan, Burundi, Liberia, Sudan, Central African Republic, Madagascar, Syrian Arab Republic, Chad, Malawi Togo, Congo, Dem. Rep, Mali, Uganda, Eritrea, Mozambique, Yemen, Rep. Ethiopia, Niger, Zambia, Gambia, Rwanda, Guinea, Sierra Leone

Note

GNI measures are expressed in United States dollars (USD), and are determined using conversion factors derived according to the Atlas method.

Data source

World Bank country classifications by income level, 2021. Interactive map [Website] with more detail.

Attribution

Design by Aimee Samara Krouskop and Michaela Willi Hooper, Open Oregon Educational Resources, CC BY 4.0.

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Description for Figure 4.9

Land-grabbed countries (green disks) are connected to their grabbers (red triangles) by a network line. The pattern shows that most land grabbers are spread throughout the world, though especially in Europe and coastal nations, while most grabbed land is in Africa and the southern hemisphere.

Based on data in table S1 but considering only 24 major grabbed countries (as in Table 1). Relations between grabbing (red triangles) and grabbed (green circles) countries are shown (green lines) only when they are associated with a land grabbing exceeding 100,000 hectares.

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Description for Figure 4.12

A world map with a key that indicates “share of total %.” Darker colors indicate that women have less share of total income. The countries where women have 1-22% of total income include India and much of the Middle East and Saharan Africa. The next level is countries where women have 22-30% of income. This includes much of Africa and smaller countries throughout Asia. The next level is 30-36%. This includes China, Mexico, and some smaller countries in Asia, East Africa, and Latin America. The next level is 36-39%. This includes Australia, Canada, some European countries, and much of South America, including Brazil. The next level is 39-45%. This includes Russia, the United States, Greenland, much of Europe, and some countries in southern Africa and Asia.

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Description for Figure 4.13

“Historical Gender Equality Index, 1995-2000” [Website] by Our World in Data is licensed under CC-BY. Based on data from: OECD (2014).

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Description for Figure 4.19

Living in poverty is defined as living below the international poverty line at $1.90 (international dollars) per day. Percentages reflect data from either 2018, 2019, or 2020. Source: Our World in Data.

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Description for Figure 4.20

Hierarchical representation of the three dimensions of poverty:

• Dimension 1: Health

• Nutrition
• Child Mortality

• Dimension 2: Education

• Years of Schooling
• School Attendance

• Dimension 3: Standard of Living

• Cooking Fuel
• Sanitation
• Drinking Water
• Electricity
• Housing
• Assets

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Description for Figure 4.21

The map shows life expectancy in 2021 on a continuum. Canada, Western and Northern Europe, Australia, and Japan have the highest life expectancies of 85 to 90 years. Most countries in Central and Southern Africa have the middle range life expectancy, or the lowest life expectancies of 45 to 50 years.

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Description for Figure 4.22

An illustration with the Human Development Index in the middle. Spiraling out from the center are three other indexes. One index is the GNI Index, measured by GNI per capita (PPP$). This index approximates people having a decent standard of living. A second index is the Education Index, measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling. This index approximates people’s access to knowledge. The third index is the life expectancy index, measured by life expectancy at birth. This index approximates people’s ability to have a long and healthy life.

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Description for Figure 4.23

The regions that rank very high on human development include the United States, Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and Western and Northern Europe. China, Mexico, South Africa, Northern Africa, and Northern South America, Cuba, Ukraine, Iran, Mongolia, and much of Latin America and the Middle East rank high on human development. Regions that rank medium on human development include Morocco, Namibia, India, Iraq, Syria, and much of Cental America. Regions that rank low on human development are more likely found in Africa and include Chad, Sudan, Niger, Afghanistan. These regions also include Haiti and Yemen.

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Description for Figure 5.3

The indigenous person is presented as living in good health with simple tools and Mezoamerican art, surrounded by trees, wearing a bird-like headpiece, with the moon overhead. They are offering a bowl to the conquistador. The conquistador is depicted on the other half of the canvas, which has darker, duller colors. The conquistador’s body is a skull with diseased skin on arms and legs. There is trash on the ground, modern symbols, and a lightbulb hangs above. The conquistador wears a helmet, and extends a spear towards the indigenous person.

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Description for Figure 6.4

The Vampire

The image to the left is called, “The Vampire,” and is a dramatic black-and-white illustration of a gaunt looking man with a beard and mustache and wearing a vest, long sleeve shirt, and pants, common for what would be considered poor working-class in the early 1900s. The man is hunched over a manual sewing machine pulling thread with one hand and feeding material with the other. Above and behind the worker is a large man with giant bat wings representing a vampire. The wings create a barrier around the worker. The vampire has no shirt and jewelry dripping from his wrist, several necklaces around his neck, and rings on every finger. One hand rests on his large belly, and the other holds a long straw that is inserted into the back of the worker’s neck.

The Old Story

The image to the right is a detailed black and white cartoon illustration of a wolf dressed in a top hat and disheveled coattails, standing in the road talking to a girl dressed in a cloak. A book peeks out of the wolf’s pocket with the word, “poverty” readable. Behind them are bare trees. Below, is a poem titled The Old Story.

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Description for Figure 6.5

A five-layer pyramid of the capitalist system shows laborers with shovels, aprons, and overalls. A thin child lays on the ground. Text in English and French says “we work for all” and “we feed all.” The laborers are holding up the layer with the middle class, who sit at a fancy table and drink wine. The text says “we eat for you.” The next layer shows soldiers with cannons and bayonets. The text says “we shoot at you.” Pillars hold up the next layer, which shows clergy and says “we fool you.” The top layer shows the king and top government officials. It says “We rule you.” Above the rulers is a bag of money.

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Description for Figure 6.7

Line chart represents real family income between 1947 and 2018, as a percentage of 1973 level. Three lines start out about 50% in 1950 and then begin to diverge around 1980. The 95th percentile has gained 180% by 2018, while the median has gained about 110%, and the 20th percentile has gained a little less than 100%. The breaks in the 95th percentile line indicated implementation of a redesigned questionnaire in 2013 and an updated data processing system in 2017. The source is The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities using U.S. Census Bureau Data.

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Description for Figure 6.8

Line chart represents relative growth of after-tax-and-transfer income (United States, normalized to 1970 levels). Lines overlap between 1970 and 1980, with a very gradual increase over 100% for all groups. Between 1980 and 2010, lines for the top categories increase the most, and then increase more gradually between 2010 and 2018, with greater gains for the 90-98%. In 2018, the low 50%’s income had grown to around 130%, the 50-90% had grown to about 175%, the 90-98% had grown to about 210%, the top 1% had grown to about 350%, the top 0.1% had grown a little over 500%, and the 0.001% had grown to about 660%. The data source is Gabriel Zueman and Emmanuel Saez.

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Description for Figure 6.12

Data show that union membership declined from just under 30% to just over 10% between 1970 and approximately 2020. At the same time, the top 10% income share increased from 31% to 47%, and the top 1% increased from 8% to 18% (numbers are approximate). The notes indicate the source is the author’s own analysis of Current Population Survey data compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Union Membership and Coverage Database, and income tax records compiled by The World Top Incomes Database.

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Description for Figure 6.19

A Venn diagram (with overlapping circles) is shown with three circles. One reads, “Preservation and promotion of a free and resilient culture.” Another reads, “Sustainable and equitable socioeconomic development,” and the third reads, “Good governance and equality before the law.” There is a center circle that rests above all three that reads, “Ecological Sustainability.”

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Description for Figure 6.21

A circle is shown with three. In the inner ring are components of the social foundation: water; food, health, education, income & work, peace & justice, political voice, social equity, gender equality, housing, networks, and energy. The middle ring is the safe and just space for humanity – a restorative and distributive economy. The outer ring is the ecological ceiling. Components include climate change, ocean acidification, chemical pollution, nitrogen and phosphorus loading, freshwater withdrawals, land conversion, biodiversity loss, air pollution, and ozone layer depletion. An arrow shows that we can overshoot the ecological ceiling or have a shortfall of what is needed for the social foundation.

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Description for Figure 6.23

This indigenous reimagining puts the ecological foundation at the center, denoting that it is Ranginui (the sky, the father of all things) and Papatūānuku (the earth, the mother of all things). Text is provided in both Maori and English.

The inner ring is Hā Tuamātangi (our last breath, or the Ecological Foundation). It includes biodiversity loss, air pollution, ozone layer depletion, climate change, ocean acidification, chemical pollution, nitrogen and phosphorus loading, freshwater withdrawals, and land conversion.

The middle ring is Oranga Iho Nui, or the safe and just space for humanity to thrive and ecology to regenerate. It is a regenerative (circular) and distributive economy.

The outer ring is Tūāpapa o te Ora, or the spring of social wellbeing. It includes networks, energy, water, food, health, education, income and work, peace and justice, political voice, social equity, gender equity, and housing. A url on the image says projectmoonshot.city.

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Description for Figure 7.4

This is a bar graph with four sections representing the years 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2022. Each section contains 5 bars representing race and ethnic populations: Latino, American Indian, and Alaskan Native (Ai/An), Black, Asian-American, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander (AAHNPI), and White.

In 2010 the uninsured rates were

Latino 32.7%

AI/AN 32.1%

Black 20.9%

AAHNPI 16.6%

White 13.1%

In 2015 the uninsured rates were

Latino 20.8%

AI/AN 23.5%

Black 12.2%

AAHNPI 8.5%

White 7.9%

In 2020 the uninsured rates were

Latino 18.6%

AI/AN 22%

Black 12.8%

AAHNPI 6.9%

White 7.8%

In 2022 the uninsured rates were

Latino 18%

AI/AN 21%

Black 10.8%

AAHNPI 6.3%

White 6.8%

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Description for Figure 7.16

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Description for Figure 8.17

The black and white illustration shows two young people dressed with annotations on what they cannot wear.

On the right is a male with a bandana on his head, a tank top with the picture of a can and the text beer, loose-fitting pants worn below the waistline with a portion of undergarment visible. The pants extend past the wearer’s feet, with the fabric resting on the ground.

The illustration has the following notes:

• No do rags or bandanas
• No tank tops
• No overly tight and improperly fitting garments
• No tobacco, alcohol or drug logos
• No visible underwear
• No baggy pants that drag the floor

The left illustration is a female with a cap turned to the left, a tank top that ends above the navel with visible straps of an undergarment showing, shorts and open-toed slide on shoes.

The illustration has the following notes:

• No hats
• No exposed underwear
• No halter tops or shirts with spaghetti straps
• No bare stomach or backs
• No short shorts
• No slippers

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Description for Figure 8.19

The following characteristics are listed:

• Cognitive ability
• Non-cognitive traits (“grit”)
• Socio-economic status
• Education itself
• Education by-products
• Educated spouse
• Incentive to become
• financially savvy

Arrows show that these characteristics increase income and financial decision making, which both increase wealth.

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Description for Figure 8.24

Table shows the percentage distribution of students in each racial/ethnic group by % of that racial/ethnic group in the 2018-19 school year.

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Description for Figure 8.26

A chart lists the percentages that Black Deaf, Black hearing, white Deaf, and white hearing people attain a high school diploma/GED, some college, an Associates Degree, a Bachelor’s Degree, Master’s Degree, and a PH.D., J.D. or M.D. The overall educational attainment is highest by those who are white and hearing. The lowest attainment is by those who are Black and deaf. The differences between attainment among White deaf and Black hearing people is minimal.

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Description for Figure 8.35

This activity is designed to help you identify the resources you have available to you to empower you to achieve your educational goals. Please rate your satisfaction with each of the areas listed below:

SCALE: 1- not at all satisfied to 10- completely satisfied

• Goals/Dreams
• Language/Communication Skills
• Family Support
• Support from Peers/Community
• Navigating college systems
• Advocating for your needs

Examples:

• Goals/Dreams (Aspirational capital) – “hopes and dreams” that motivate you
• Language/Communication Skills (Linguistic capital) – various language and communication skills you bring with you
• Family Support (Familial capital) -social and personal resources you have from your family
• Support from Peers/Community (Social capital) –support from “peers and other social contacts”
• Ability to navigate College system (Navigational capital) -skills and abilities to navigate “social institutions,” including educational spaces.
• Advocating for needs (Resistance capital)– ability to advocate and secure your rights to education

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Description for Figure 9.7

Pie chart showing % of world population

Bar chart showing number of people in 2015, in billions

Attribution

Pew Research Center demographic projections. See methodology for details. “The Changing Global Religious Landscape.”

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Description for Figure 9.9

Globe in the center says “The Golden Rule” and is surrounded by images and definitions from world religions

Buddhism

Image of the Buddha (a person in robes sitting crosslegged) and a quote from Udana-Varga 5.18: “Treat not others in a way you yourself would find hurtful.”

Confucianism

An image of Confucius, who has a long beard, and a quote from Analects 15:23: “One word which sums up the basis of all good conduct . . . lovingkindness. Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.”

Taoism

An image of the yin yang symbol with a quote from T’ai Shang Kan Ying P’ien, 213-218: “Regard your neighbour’s gain as your own gain, and your neighbour’s loss as your own loss.”

Sikhism

An image of the Khanda (three symbols in one: a sword, throwing weapon, and two daggers). A quote from the Guru Granth Sahib, pg. 1299: “I am a stranger to no one, and no one is a stranger to me. Indeed, I am a friend to all.”

Christianity

An image of a cross and a quote from Jesus in Matthew 7:12: “In everything, do to others as you would have them do to you; for this is the law and the prophets.”

Unitarianism

An image of a lamp within a leaf and the Unitarian principle: “We affirm and promote respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part.”

Native Spirituality

An image of a circle dissected into four parts with a circle in each part. A quote by Chief Dan George: “We are as much alive as we keep the earth alive.”

Zoroastrianism

An image of a bird with a bearded person where the head would be. A quote from Shayast-na-Shayast 13.29: “Do not do unto others whatever is injurious to yourself.”

Jainsim

An image of a hand with a mandala-like circle in the middle. A quote from Mahavira in Sutrakritanga: “One should treat all creatures in the world as one would like to be treated.”

Judaism

An image of a menorah (candles) with a quote from Hillel in Talmud, Shabbat 31a: “What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbour. This is the whole Torah; all the rest is commentary.”

Islam

An image of a crescent moon and star with a quote from the Prophet Muhammad in the Hadith: “Not one of you truly believes until you wish for others what you wish for yourself.”

Baha’i Faith

An image of a nine-sided star with a quote from Baha’u’Ilah in Gleanings: “Lay not on any soul a load that you would not wish to be laid upon you, and desire not for anyone the things you would not desire for yourself.”

Hinduism

An image of the Om symbol with a quote from Mahabharata 5:1517: “This is the sum of duty: do not do to others what would cause pain if done to you.”

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Description for Figure 9.13

Symbols of world religions and spirituality in black and white, arranged in a circular pattern

• A lotus flower with a flame symbolizes Ayyavazhi.
• A yin and yang symbol represents Taoism.
• A smaller circle inside a larger circle. Two lines intersect to create a cross through both circles. This is the symbol of the Isese spirituality of the Yoruba people.
• The om symbol, which is Sanskrit, symbolizes Hinduism.
• The six-sided star of David symbolizes Judaism. A menorah (candles) also symbolizes Judaism.
• A nine-sided star symbolizes the Baha’i faith.
• A stylized E and K symbolizes the Eckist religion.
• An eight-spoked Dharma wheel symbolizes Buddhism.
• A hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes Ahimsa in Jainism. A swastika is also an ancient symbol of Jainism.
• A pentagram, or five-sided star, in a circle symbolizes Wicca.
• A flame within a chalice (a cup with a stem and foot) symbolizes Unitarian Universalism.
• The Khanda (a double-edged sword, circular throwing weapon, and two single-edged daggers) symbolizes Sikhism.
• Two versions of a cross symbolize Christianity.
• A star and crescent symbolizes Islam.
• A hexagram symbolizes Thelema.
• A five-petal plum blossom in a circle symbolizes Tenrikyoists.
• A traditional Japanese gate (torii) symbolizes Shintoism.
• Three interlaced crescents represent neopaganism.
• A bearded person with wings, Ahura Mazda, symbolizes Zoroastrianism.
• A six-sided script-like symbol symbolizes Confucianism.
• A cross with a five-sided comb-like symbol at the end of each line symbolizes the Slavic Native Faith.
• An atom symbolizes atheism.

A compilation of public domain and original icons. This work is marked with CC0 1.0. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0.

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Description for Figure 10.15

Stages of social movements begin with the emerge stage, moving into coalesce and bureaucratize. From bureaucratize there are five possible next steps: success, failure, cooptation, repression, go mainstream. The final step is decline.

This image is adapted from Blumer (1969), Mauss (1975), and Tilly (1978).

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Description for Figure 10.19

Illustration of a map of the 17 countries in the Middle East and North Africa including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Palestinian Territories, Syria, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Sudan, and South Sudan.

Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Yemen are in a darker color to represent leadership changes since the uprisings.

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Description for Figure 10.20

The Occupy Los Angeles Committee Structure includes:

• Calendar
• Logistics
• Finance/Resources
• Civic engagement
• Facilitation
• Food
• Welcome tent
• Occupation communication
• Sanitation
• Public relation
• City liaisons
• Arts and Education
• Production
• Community Outreach
• Livestream
• Objectives/Demands
• Direct action
• Media (print, social, and web)
• Peacekeepers
• Social services
• Internal communication
• Medical
• Transportation
• Legal

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Description for Figure 10.21

Ten Years After the Arab Spring: Gains for Democracy? Selected countries in the Arab World by their 2020 EIU Democracy Index score and change in rank (2010-2020).

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Description for Figure 10.25

Infographic by the Innovation Network.

Beginning at the Left is the subheading Movement Capacity—Laying the foundation of a healthy movement. Under the subheading are three boxes stacked vertically with the text Story, Strategy, and Structure.

Arrows point to the next column with the subheading Movement Power – Building four main types of overlapping power. Below the subheading is a circle divided into four equal sections. The yellow section has an icon of a building and contains the text Institutional Power. The green section has an icon of people with protest signs and the text People Power. The purple section has an icon of a globe and the text Narrative Power. The Orange section has an icon of a bullhorn and the text Influencer Power.

Arrows point to the third column with the subheading Movement Vision – Toppling, transforming, and/or absorbing the institutional, cultural, and social pillars that prop up the status quo. Under the subheading is an illustration of a building. In the section representing the room are the words Dominant systems, norms, and worldviews. Underneath are five pillars: politics, judiciary/courts, civic institutions, business, and media.

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Description for Figure 10.39

Anthropocentrism is visualized as a human (likely representing men) at the top of a pyramid. The next level down is money, technology, pets, a person in a skirt (likely representing women), and luxury goods, symbolized by a diamond. The next level down are living things that humans often use, like grapes, cows, sheep corn, chickens, pigs, and fish. The bottom level is crowded with representations of all other types of life and natural phenomena, like cactuses, crabs, the ocean, DNA, mountains, frogs, astral bodies, etc.

Cosmocentrism is visualized as a circle with the earth at the center and living beings and natural phenomena radiating out from it. Humans are not in a special place. People with disabilities (represented by someone in a wheelchair) are visible in this image, while in the pyramid they are not.

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Description for Figure 10.54

This infographic demonstrates how current ideologies can move to new worldviews with a social-environmental shift.

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